of Elizabeth, 429; urges Elizabeth to assist the Scotch Protestants, 433; becomes Lord Burghley and discovers the Ridolfi plot, 445; death of, 480 Burgos, siege of, 869
Burgoyne, General, capitulates at Sara- toga, 786
Burgundians, party of the, opposed to the Armagnacs, 296, 299; are friendly to Henry V., 301
Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of, marries the sister of Edward IV., 332; policy of, 336; is slain at Nancy, ib. Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, has the Duke of Orleans murdered, 296; allies himself with Henry V., 301; holds aloof in the campaign of Agin- court, 302; makes war upon the Armag. nacs, 303; murder of, 305 Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, joins the English against the Dauphin, 306; allies himself with the Duke of Bedford, 307; forms a league with Charles VII., 313; inherits territories in the Netherlands, ib.
Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, 62 Burke, Edmund, enters Parliament, 772; his views on American taxation, 773; opposes parliamentary reform, 777: argues against taxing America, 780; his speech on economical reform, 789; passes a bill for economical re- form, 795: the author of the India Bill of the Coalition, 806; his part in the impeachment of Hastings, 811; publishes Reflections on the French Revolution, 822
Burley, Sir Simon, executed, 280 Burnet, Gilbert, his conversation with William of Orange, 645
Burns, poetry and opinions of, 887 Burton, sentenced by the Star Chamber,
Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the monastery at, 58; death of Svend at, 82; meeting of barons at, 181 Busaco, combat at, 867
Bute, Earl of, becomes Prime Minister, 766; resignation of, 768 Butler, author of Hudibras, 597 Butler, Bishop, writes The Analogy, 745 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, pleads for the abolition of slavery, 910 Byng, Admiral, fails to re-ieve Minorca, 749: shot, 750
Byng, Sir George, defeats a Spanish fleet, off Cape Passaro, 709 Byron, Lord, poetry and death of, 888
CABINET, the, its origin, 660; develop-
ment of, 87; strengthened by the withdrawal of George I. from, 704 Cabul, taken by the British, 949; re- treat of the British from, 950; Pol- lock retakes, ib.
Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 322
Cadiz, capture of, 464; Cecil's expedi tion to, 503
Cadmon, poetry of, 52
Cadwalla, allied with Penda, 46; is defeated by Oswald, 47
Caen, burial of William I. at, 114; stormed by Henry V., 303
Caerleon upon Usk, see Isca Silurum Cæsar, Gaius Julius, makes war in Gaul and Germany, 10; twice invades Britain, 11
Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8 Calais taken by Edward III., 243; besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 313: loss of, 427; Elizabeth's hope of regaining, 436; the Armada takes re- fuge in, 462; Cromwell's anxiety to recover, 571
Calcutta, grows up round Fort William, 758; the Black Hole of, 762
Calder, Sir Robert, defeats a French fleet, 856
Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with, 16
Calvin, his work at Geneva, 439
Calvinism influences Elizabethan Pro- testantism, 430
Cambrai, league of, 363; treaty of, 383 Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, 301 Camden, Lord, dismissed, 776; see Pratt, Chief Justice
Campbell, Sir Colin, suppresses the Indian mutiny and becomes Lord Clyde, 954
Campeggio, Cardinal, appointed legate to hear the divorce case of Henry VIII., 382
Camperdown, battle of, 837 Campion lands in England, 453; execu tion of, 454
Campo Formio, peace of, 937 Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters at, 12; Roman colony of, 13; captured by Boadicea, 15
Canada, possessed by France, 747; plan of Pitt for the conquest of, 753; con- quest of. 756; abandonment of the French claim to, 766; failure of the Americans to overrun, 784; discon- tent in, 914; union between the pro- vinces of, 916; enters into a federa tion called the Dominion of Canada, 967 Canning, enters Portland's Ministry, 857; sends a fleet to fetch the Danish ships from Copenhagen, 860; fights a duel with Castlereagh and resigns office, 865; succeeds Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary, 882; acknowledges the independence of the Spanish colonies in America, 883; sends trops to secure P. rtugal, 884; becomes Prime Minister, 892; death of, ib. Canning, Lord, Governor-General of India, 952
Canningites, the, take office under Wellington, 893; resignation of, 895; join Lord Grey's Ministry, 901
Cannon, first use of, 242 Canrobert, Marshal, commands French army in the Crimea, 946 Canterbury, Ethelberht's residence at, 38: Augustine preaches at, 39; founda- tion of the archbishopric of, 40; murder of Archbishop Thomas at, 150; Henry II. does penance at, 153; architecture of the choir of, 171; disputed election of the Archbishop of, 177 Canterbury Tales, the, 270 Cape Breton, ceded by France, 766 Cape of Good Hope, first conquest of, 837; second conquest of, 848 Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13; capture of, 14
Carausius claims to be emperor, 22 Carberry Hill, Mary's surrender at, 439 Cardinal College founded by Wolsey, 377, 383; see Christchurch' Carham, battle of, 84
Carisbrooke Castle, detention of Charles I. in, 556
Carlisle fortified by William II., 119 Carlyle, his Sartor Resartus, 941 Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at,
Carolina, colonisation of, 629
Caroline. Queen (wife of George 11.),
her influence over her husband, 720; death of, 725
Caroline, Queen (wife of George IV.), separated from her husband, 881; failure of a bill for dissolving the marriage of, 882
Carriages and carts, 273
Carteret, Lord, his rivalry with Walpole, 718; foreign policy of, 732; wish s to combine Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa against France, 736; attempts to revive the policy of the Whigs of Anne's reign, 737; causes of his weaknesses, 738; his fall, 739 Cartwright advocates the Presbyterian system, 446
Cartwright, invents the power loom, 816 Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162 Cash payments, suspension of, 835; re- sumption of, 879 Cashel, synod at, 152 Casket letters, the, 440 Cassel, battle of, 235
Cassiterides, the geographical position of, 8
Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, 11 Castile, intervention of the Black Prince
in, 255; united with Aragon, 349 Castlebar, the race of, 841 Castlemaine, Lady, uses her influence against Clarendon, 594
Castlereagh, Lord, secures a majori y for the Irish Union 842; enters Port- land's ministry, 857; sends an expedi- tion against Antwerp, 865; fights a duel with Canning, and resigns office, ib.is Foreign Secretary in Liverpool's Ministry. 877; protests against Met- ternich's policy, 882; suicide of, ib.
Catalonia, espouses the cause of the Archduke Charles, 684; abandoned to Philip V., 696
Câteau Cambresis, peace of, 431 Catesby plans Gunpowder Plot, 483 Catharine of Aragon, marriage of, 363: Henry VIII. grows tired of, 379; divorce suit against, 382; is divorced, 389; the sentence of Clement VII. in favour of, 390; death of, 395
Catharine of Braganza marries Charles II., 587
Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, 356; marriages proposed for,
357 Catherine of France marries Henry V., 306; marries Owen Tudor, 335 Catherine de Medicis, widow of Henry II., king of France, becomes regent, 433 takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449
Catherine Howard, marriage and execu tion of, 401
Catherine Parr, marriage of, 401 Catholic Association, tte, Act for the dissolution of, 895
Catholic emancipation, proposed by Pitt, 842; attitude of parties towards, 895; passing of an Act for, 896 Catholics, Roman, laws directed against, 453, 454; their position at the end of Elizabeth's reign, 475; increased per secution of, after Gunpowder Plot, 483; negotiation between James I. and Spain for the relief of, 488; tendency of Charles II. to support, 584; declaration for the toleration of, Issued by Charles II., 587; perse- cuted about the Popish Plot, 616; efforts of James II. in favour of, 634, 638, 640
Cato Street Conspiracy, the, 881 Cattle-breeding, improvements in, 813 Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9: at-
tacked by Cæsar, 11; subsequent history of, 12
Cavour, his negotiation with Napoleon III.. 956
Cawnpore, besieged by Nana Sahib, 953 massa re at, ib.
Caxton, William, establishes a printing- press at Westminster, 358
Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, 35; defeated at Wanborough, 36 Cecil, Sir Edward, commands the Cadiz expedition, 503
Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in
favour of, 65; inculcated at Cluny, 67 Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49. Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, 5; are divided into two stocks, 7; know their conquerors as Saxons, 29.
Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29; are the tillers of the soil, 30
Chancellor, the official position of, 127; becomes a judge, 260
Chancery, Court of, proposal of the Bare-
bone's Parliament to suppress, 567; reformed by Cromwell, 569; nature of the decisions of, 605
Chantries, Act for the dissolution of, 412; their income vested in the king, 415 Charles, the Archduke, styles himself
Charles III. King of Spain, 682; his cause espoused by Catalonia, 684; enters Madrid, 692; succeeds to his brother's hereditary dominions, 692; elected Emperor, 695; see Charles VI. Emperor
Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63 Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 63; cedes Normandy to Hrolf,
Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, claims
part of the dominions left to Maria Theresa, 732; elected Emperor, as Charles VII., 734.
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, at-
tempts to drive the Austrians out of Italy, 934; defeat and abdication of, 936 Charles Edward, see Pretender, the Young
Charles Martel defeats the Mohamme dans, 54
Charles I., intention of the Gunpowder plotters to blow up, 483; proposals of marriage for, 488; visits Spain, 497; is eager for war with Spain, 500; negotiation for marriage with Henri- etta Maria, 501; becomes king and marries Henrietta Maria, 502; ad- journs his first parliament to Oxford, ib.; dissolves his first parliament and sends out the Cadiz expedition, 503; meets his second Parliament, ib.; dis- solves his second Parliament, 505; orders the collection of a forced loan, 506; meets his third Parliament, 508; consents to the Petition of Right, 509: claims a right to levy Tonnage and Poundage, 510; issues a declaration on the Articles, 512; dissolves his third Parliament, 513; his personal govern- ment, 514; levies knighthood fines, 515; insists on the reading of the Declaration of Sports, 517; levies fines for encroaching on forests, 523; levies ship money, ib.; imposes a new prayer book on Scotland, 525: leads an army against the Scots, 526; con- sults Wentworth, 527; makes Went- worth Earl of Strafford, and summons the Short Parliament, 528; dissolves the Short Parliament, marches again against the Scots, and summons the Long Parliament, 529; assents to the Triennial Act, 530; signs a commis- sion for Strafford's execution, 531; visits Scotland, 532; returns to Eng- land, 534 rejects the Grand Remon- strance, 535; attempts to arrest the five members, 536; fights at Edgehill, 537; his plan of campaign, ib.; le- sieges Gloucester, and fights at New-
bury, 539; looks to Ireland for help, 541; sends Rupert to relieve York, 543 compels Essex's infantry to sur- render at Lostwithiel, and fights again at Newbury, 544; is defeated at Naseby, 548; attempts to join Mont- rose, 549; sends Glamorgan to Ireland, ib.; gives himself up to the Scots, 551; negotiates at Newcastle, ib. ; ex- plains his plans to the Queen, 552; conveyed to Holmby House, 553; con. ducted by Joyce to Newmarket, 555; attempt of Cromwell to come to an understanding with, 555; takes refuge in the Isle of Wight, and enters into the Engagement with the Scots, 556; removed to Hurst Castle, 557; trial of, 559 execution of, 560
Charles II., as Prince of Wales, pcs- sesses himself of part of the fleet, 557; lands in Scotland, 563; escapes to France, 564; offers a reward for Crom- well's murder, 569; issues the declara- tion of Breda, 576; restoration of, 578; confirms Magna Carta, ib. ; cha- racter of, 579; leaves the government to Hyde, 580; revenue voted to, 582; approves a scheme of modified episco- pacy, 583; keeps a small armed force, 584; retains three regiments on paying off the army, ib.: profligacy of the court of, 586; issues a declaration in favour of toleration, 587; marriage of, and sale of Dunkirk by, ib.; dismisses Clarendon, 594; favours the Roman Catholics, 598; thinks of tolerating dissenters, and supports Buckingham and Arlington, 599; agrees to the treaty of Dover, 600; supports the Cabal, 602; extravagance of, 603; issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 604; goes to war with the Dutch, 605; withdraws the Declaration of Indulgence, 606; assents to the Test Act, 607; dismisses Shaftesbury and makes peace with the Dutch, 608; supports Danby, 610; receives a pen- sion from Louis XIV., 611; is inte- rested in commerce, 612; refuses to make war on France, 613; threatens France with war, 614; dissolves the Cavalier Parliament, 616; dissolves the first Short Parliament, 617; sup ports his brother's claim to the crown, against Shaftesbury, 618; prorogues the second Short Parliament, 619; dismisses Shaftesbury, 620; dissolves the second and third Short Parlia- ments, 621; plot to murder, 625; death of, 627; constitutional progress in the reign of, ib. Charles II., king of Spain, bad health of, 592; death of, 671 Charles III., king of Spain, renews the Family Compact, 766
Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232 Charles IV., king of Spain, his rela-
tions with his son, 862; dethroned, 863
Charles V., Emperor, as king of Spain becomes the rival of Francis I., 366; vast inheritance of, 369; is chosen emperor, ib. goes to war with France, 371; captures Francis I. at Pavia, 372: liberates Francis I., 374: allies himself with Henry VIII., 405; makes peace with France at Crêpy, 406; de- fends Mary's mass, 417; abdication of, 426
Charles V., king of France, opposes the
English in Spain, 255; summons the Black Prince to Paris, 256; renews the war against the English, ib.; avoids a battle, 257
Charles VI., Emperor, dies after leaving
his dominions to Maria Theresa, 732 Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, 278; allies himself with Richard II., 282; loses his senses, 295; disinherits the Dauphin, 306; dies, 307 Charles VII., king of France, as Dau- phin, falls into the hands of the Armag- nacs, 303; is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, 305; is dis- inherited, 306; claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, 307; his weakness, 309; is helped by the Maid of Orleans, 310; is crowned, 311; consents to a truce, 317; renews the war, 320
Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, 348; invades Italy, 352; death of, 354.
Charles IX., king of France, accession of, 433: takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449; death of, 450 Charles X., king of France, overthrow of, 898
Charlotte, Princess, death of, 881 Charterhouse, the persecution of the monks of, 393
Chartists, the, demands of, 923; violence
of, 924; meet on Kennington Common to present a monster petition, 935 Château Gaillard built by Richard I., 165; lost by John, 354 Chatham, Earl of, Prime Minister, 773; illness of, ib. ; recovers his health, an 1 takes up the cause of Wilkes, 776; resigns office, 774; declares for Par- liamentary reform, 777; death of, 787; see Pitt, William (the elder) Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury Tales, 270; influences of the Renas- cence on, 367
Cherbourg, expedition against, 753 Cheriton, battle of, 542
Chester (see Deva) submits to William I., 103
Cheyt Sing, Hastings demands a con-
tribution from, 804
Chinon, Henry II. dies at, 157 Chippenham, treaty of, 59 Chivalry, 235
Chocolate, introduction of, 630
Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges
of, 177; expulsion of the monks of, 178
Churchill, Lord, see Marlborough, Duke of Cinque Ports, the, 218
Cintra, convention of, 864 Cirencester, see Corinium
Cistercians, the, introduced into Eng- land, 129; decline of asceticism amongst, 167; are fined by John, 179 City of the violated treaty, the, 657 Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, 869
Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl of
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of
Edward IV., created a duke, 329; marries Warwick's daughter, and quar rels with Edward IV., 332; put to death, 336
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ire land 265
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Baugé, 306 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of, as Edward Hyde is one of the leaders of the Anti-Presbyterian party in the Long Parliament, 533: becomes Lord Chancellor after the Restoration, 50: character of, ib.; created Earl of Clarendon, 587; is falsely supposed to be bribed, ib.; fall of, 594; escapes to France, 595
Clarendon, Henry Hyde, second Earl of, recalled from Ireland, 640
Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144; the assize of, 146
Clarkson, publishes evidence against the slave trade, 823
Claudius, the Emperor, plans the con- quest of Britain, 13
Claverhouse, see Graham, John Clement VII., Pope, forms an Italian league against Charles V., 374; ap- points legates to try the divorce suit of Henry VIII., 382; revokes the cause to Rome, 383; gives sentence in favour of Catharine, 399
Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts, England, Church of
Clergy, the country, 633
Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220 Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, 328 Clifford, Thomas, Lord, a member of the Cabal, 602; probable suggester of
the Stop of the Exchequer, 604; resig- nation of, 607
Clinton, Sir Henry, fails to co-operate with Burgoyne, 786; takes Charleston, 788 Clive, Robert, his career in Northern India, 761; subjugates Bengal, 762; is astonished at his own moderation, 764; his return to England and second visit to Bengal, 801
Clontarf, repcalers prohibited from meet- ing at, 928
Closterseven, the Convention of, 752 Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67; reforms originated at, 107 Cnut, reign of, 83-85
Coaches, improvement in, 633 Coalition Ministry, the, of Fox and North, 800; of Pitt and the Whigs, 828; of the Whigs and Peelites,
Cobbett, pamphlets of, 879
Cobden, a leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 924; opposes a war with China, 955; suggests a commercial treaty with France, 958
Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, 315; does pen- ance for witchcraft, 316 Coffee-houses, introduction of, 630 Coinage debased by Henry VIII., 409; further debased by Somerset, 416 Coke, Sir Edward, takes part in drawing up the Petition of Right, 508 Colchester, execution of the Abbot of, 400; reduced by Fairfax, 567 Colet promotes the study of Greek, and founds St. Paul's School, 367 Coligny, murder of, 449
College invents the Protestant flail, 615; condemned to death, 622
Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford,
Commons, the House of (see Parlia ment), finally separated from the Lords, 243; struggle of, against unpar liamentary taxation, 244; importance of the constitution of, 245; supported by the Black Prince, 261; influence over the elections of, 281; proposes to confiscate Church property, 294; ad- dressed by Edward IV., 229; Wolsey's appearance in, 371; made use of by Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII., 389; Elizabeth's relations with, 444: Puritanism of, 445; growing strength of, 468; its tendencies to Puritanism rather than to Presbyterianism, 470; attack on monopolies by, 478; quar- rels with James I., 482; anxious to go to war for the Palatinate, 490; votes a small supply, 491: brings charges against Bacon, 495; is eager for war with Spain, 500; refuses sup- plies to Charles I., unless spent by counsellors in whom it confides, 502; impeaches Buckingham, 554, 505; insists on the Petition of Right, 508; claims Tonnage and Poundage, 510; religious ideas prevailing in, 511; its breach with the king, 513; violent scene before the dissolution of, 514; formation of parties in, 532; scene in, at the passing of the Grand Remon- strance, 534; Presbyterian majority in, 546; new elections to, 551; a mob in possession of, 555; the Agitators pro- pose to purge, 556; Pride's purge of, 557; declares itself supreme, ib.; con- stitutes a high court of justice, 558; dis solved by Cromwell, 566: inquires into the expenditure of the crown, and im- peaches Clarendon, 594 impeaches Danby, 616; the Exclusion Bill in, 617, 621; Tory majority in, 636; James II. attempts to pack, 641; dis- cusses the abdication of James II., 646; attacks the Irish grants of William III., 670; imprisons the bearers of the Kentish Petition, 675; Walpole's determination to rely on, 710; corruption in, 714; establishment of the freedom of reporting the de- bates of, 779. Commonwealth, the, establishment of, 561
Communion table, Laud's wish to fix at the east end, 517; decision of the Privy Council on the position of, 519; removed by the soldiers, 529 Comprehension favoured by some of the clergy, 598; attempt of Charles II. to establish, 599
Comprehension Bill, the, is not passed, 651
Compton, Bishop of London, refuses to suspend Dr. Sharp, 639
Compton, Sir Spencer, thought of as Walpole's successor, 720: succeeds Walpole and becomes Earl of Wil- mington, 731
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