Romans, the, invasion of Gaul by, 10; invasion of Britain by, 11; commence- ment of the conquest of Britain by, 12; massacre of, 15; complete con- quest of the greater part of Britain by, 17; civilisation introduced into Britain by, 21; end of their rule in Britain, 26; persistency of their civilisation in Gaul, 37
Rome taken by the Duke of Bourbon, 374
Romilly, Sir Samuel, advocates the reform of the criminal law, 885 Romney Marsh divides Jutes from South Saxons, 27
Rooke, Sir George, takes Gibraltar, 682
Roosebeke, battle of, 278
Root and Branch Bill, the, 533
Roses, Wars ofthe, see Wars of the Roses Rothesay, Duke of, death of, 295 Rouen occupied by Hrolf, 80; surren- ders to Henry V., 304; retaken by the French, 320
Roumania becomes an independent king- dom, 969
Roundway Down, battle of, 538 Rowton Heath, battle of, 549 Royal Assent, the, refused for the last time, 706
Royal Society, the, foundation of, 598 Rump, the name given to the remnant of the Long Parliament, 565; dis- solved by Cromwell, 566; brought back, expelled and brought back again, 575; final dissolution of, 576 Runjeet Singh, allies himself with the British, 949; death of, 951 Rupert, Prince, commands the cavalry at Edgehill, 537; storms Bristol, 538; is defeated at Marston Moor, 543; takes part in the battle of Naseby, 548; surrenders Bristol, 549; holds a command in the battle off the North Foreland, 592; defeated off the Texel,
Russell, Admiral, afterwards Earl of Orford, commands the fleet at La Hogue, 658; is one of the Whig Junto, 659; created Earl of Orford, 669; see Orford, Earl of
Russell, Earl, becomes Prime Minister
a second time, 961; resignation of, ib. ; see Russell, Lord John Russell, Lord John, advocates Parlia- mentary reform, 894: obtains the re- peal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 895; holds a subordinate office in Lord Grey's ministry, 9or; introduces the first Reform Bill, 902; becomes Home Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons, 913; is unable to form a ministry, and supports Peel's abolition of the Corn Law, 931; ob- jects to Peel's Irish policy, ib.; be- comes Prime Minister, 932; his deal- ings with Irish distress, b.: attempts to improve the condition of tenants in
Ireland, 933 passes the Encumbered Estates Act, 934: passes the Eccle- siastical Titles Bill, 937; resignation of, 938; joins the Aberdeen Ministry, and promises a new Reform Bill, 943; is Foreign Secretary in Palmerston's second ministry, 956; brings in a Reform Bill, 957; see Russell, Earl Russell, William Russell, Lord, sup- ports the Exclusion Bill, 617; refuses to take part in acts of violence, 624; trial of, 625; execution of, 626 Russia, interferes for the first time in Western Europe, 709; establishes the 'Armed Neutrality,' 792; takes part in the second coalition, 839; withdraws from the alliance, 840; joins the Northern Confederacy, 844 with- draws from the Northern Confederacy, 845; joins the third coalition, 854: invaded by Napoleon, 869; offers aid to the Sultan, 921; joins England, Austria, and Prussia in supporting the Sultan, 922; proposed partition of the Turkish dominions in agreement with, 943; goes to war with the Sultan, 944: war declared by England and France against, ib.; makes peace with the allies, 948; alliance of Dost Moham- med with, 949; refuses to be bound by the treaty of 1856, 965; overpowers the Turkish army, and submits to the Treaty of Berlin, 969; acquires Penj- deh, 971
Rutland, Earl of (son of the Duke of York), accompanies his father to Ire- land, 326; murdered, 328
Ruvigny, Marquis of, serves in Ireland, 656 see Galway, Earl of Ruyter, De, captures English forts in Guinea, 589
Rye House Plot, the, 625 Ryswick, peace of, 667
SA, DOM PANTALEON, execution of, 569 Sacheverell, Dr., sermon preached by, 690 impeached, 691
Sackville, Lord George, misconduct of, 756
Sadowa, battle of, 963
St. Albans (see Verulam), architec- ture of the nave of the abbey of, 171; meeting of a national jury at, 180; the first battle of, 324; the second battle of, 328
St. Andrews captured by the French and recaptured, 413
St. Arnaud, Marshal, commands the French army in the Crimea, 945; death of, 946
St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 449 St. Bartholomew's day, ejection of the Presbyterian clergy on, 585
St. Cast, failure of an expedition to the Bay of, 753
St. Christopher's, England receives the French part of, 696
St. John, Henry, becomes minister as a moderate Tory, 681; obtains the re- jection of an Occasional Conformity Bill, 682; turned out of office, 687; is a member of a purely Tory ministry, 691; orders Ormond not to fight, 695; created Viscount Bolingbroke, ib.; see Bolingbroke, Viscount
St. John, Knights of, 157
St. Malo, expedition against, 753 St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged at, 119
St. Paul's, Old, burnt, 592; rebuilt, 677 St. Vincent battle of, 835 Saladin takes Jerusalem, Saladin tithe, the, 157 Salamanca, battle of, 869 Salic law, the so-called, 232
Salisbury, great Gemot at, 113; cathe- dral at, 207; Penruddock captures the judges at, 571
Salisbury, Marquis of, becomes Prime Minister, 971
Salisbury, Richard, Earl of, his connec- tion with the Duke of York, 324; takes part in the battles of Blore Heath and Northampton, 326; be- headed, 328
Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, as Sir Robert Cecil, secretary to Elizabeth and James I., 480, 481: becomes Earl of Salisbury and Lord Treasurer, 484 orders the levy of new impositions, iv.; death of, 486
Salisbury, Countess of, executed, 401 San Domingo, Penn and Venables attack, 572
San Stefano, treaty of, 969
Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Can- terbury, deprived for refusal to take oaths to William, 651
Sandwich, Earl of, informs against Wilkes, 770
Santa Cruz, Blake destroys Spanish ships at, 573
Saratoga, capitulation of, 786 Sardinia, Kingdom of, conferred on the Duke of Savoy, in lieu of the Kingdom of Sicily, 710
Savile. Sir George, presides over a meeting in support of economical re- form, 789: passes a Bill in relief of Roman Catholics, 792 Savoy, the, burnt, 269 Savoy Conference, the, 585
Savoy, Duke of, persecutes the Vaudois,
Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, 292 Saxon shore, the defence of, 25; over- run by the Jutes, 27
Saxons, the (see East Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons), ravage Roman Britain, 24; settle in Britain, 27; merge their name in that of English, 28; are known by the Celts as Saxons, 29 Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, 323
Scheldt, the, opening of, 825 Schism Act, the, passed, 699; repealed,
Schomberg, Marshal, lands in Ireland, 655; killed at the Boyne, 656 Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, 347 Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a union of Scots and Picts, 63; its rela- tions with England under Eadmund, 64 its relations with Cnut, 84; with William I., 104; with William II., 119; with Stephen, 133; with Henry II., 154; with Richard I., 159; dis- puted succession in, 214; Edward I. acknowledged Lord Paramount of, 216; its league with France, 218; twice conquered by Edward I., 219, 221; incorporated with England, 222; conquered a third time by Edward I., 224 independence of, 226; first war of Edward III. with, 231; struggle between Edward Balliol and David Bruce in, 233, 234; accession of the Stuarts to the throne of, 295; assists France in its wars with England, 307; power of the nobles in, 404; Hertford's invasion of, 409; Protestant missionaries in, 412: Somerset's inva- sion of, 413; the Reformation in, 432; the intervention of Elizabeth in, 433; Presbyterianism in, 434; Mary lands in, 435; Mary's government of, 437 449; civil war in, 443; projected union with, 482; Episcopacy and Presbyterianism in, 524; introduc- tion of a new prayer book in, 525; national covenant signed in, ib.; first Bishops' war with, 526; episcopacy abolished by the Assembly and Parlia- ment of, 527; the second Bishops' war with, 529; visit of Charles I. to, 532; solemn league and covenant with, 540; sends an army into Eng- land, 542; its army recalled, 553; pro- posal of a new invasion of England by, $54; engagement signed with Charles I. by Commissioners of, 556; Charles II. and Cromwell in, 563; Restoration settlement of, 595; Lauderdale's in- fluence in, 602; Lauderdale's manage- ment of, 619; Covenanters in, ib.; rising of the Covenanters in, 620; under James II., 639; Presbyterianism established in, 652; the crown offered to William and Mary in, ib.; pacifica- tion of the Highlands of, 654; the union with, 685; enthusiastic support of the Darien expedition in, 671; Mar's rising in, 705; disruption of the Church of, 940
Scots, the ravages of, 23; abode of, in Ireland, 23; renewed ravages of, 26; settle in Argyle, and are defeated at Degsastan, 42; their relations with Eadward the Elder, 63; see Scotland Scott, Sir Walter, works of, 889 Scottish army, the, encamps on Dunse Law, 526; routs the English at New-
burn, 529; invades England, 542: besieges York, ib.; takes part in the battle of Marston Moor, 543; receives Charles I. at Southwell, and conveys him to Newcastle, 551; negotiation for the abandonment of Charles I. by, 553; returns to Scotland, 553; is de- feated at Dunbar, 563; and at Wor- cester, 564
Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed, 296
Scrope, Lord, execution of, 301 Scutage, 141
Scutari, hospital at, 947
Sebastopol, siege of, 945; reduction of, 947; destruction of the fortifications of, 948
Second Civil War, the, 556, 557
Secular clergy, the, 67
Sedan, battle of, 965
Sedgemoor, battle of, 637
Sedition Act, the, 830
Selby taken by the Fairfaxes, 542
Selden, John, takes part in drawing up the Petition of Right, 508 Self-denying Ordinance, the, 545 Selsey, landing of the South Saxons
Seminary priests, the, 453; Act of Parlia- ment against, 456
Senegal ceded by France, 766 Senlac, battle of, 96
Separatists, the, principles of, 470; settlement of, in Leyden and New England, 489; receive the name of Independents, 543; see Independents Sepoy mutiny, the. 951-955 Septennial Act, the, 706 Serfs, see Villeins Seringapatam stormed, 838
Servia, becomes an independent king- dom, 969
Settlement, Irish Act of, 595 Settlement, Act of; see Act of Settlement Seven Bishops, the, petition presented by, 642; trial of, 643
Seven Years' War, the, beginning of, 749: end of, 766; results of, 767 Severn, West Saxon conquest of the Valley of, 35
Severus fails in conquering the Cale- donians, 19
Seymour, Jane, see Jane Seymour Seymour of Sudley, Lord, execution of, 415
Seymour, William, heir of the Suffolk line, 480
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,
Earl of, early life of, 602; poli y of, 603; supports the Declaration of Indulgence, 605; becomes Earl of Shaftesbury and Chancellor, ib.; his invective against the Dutch. 606; dis- missal of, 608; leads the opposition, ib.; supports toleration for Dissenters only, 610; declares the present Par- lament to be dissolved, 612; en- courages belief in the Popish Plot,
616; his position similar to that of Pym, 618; supports the Exclusion Bill, ib.; indicts the Duke of York as
recusant, 621; supported by the third Short Parliament, ib.; the Grand Jury throw out a Bill against, 622; Dryden's satire on, 623; proposes to attack the king's guards, 624; exile and death of, ib.
Shakspere, William, teaching of, 474 Shannon,' the, captures the 'Chesa- peake,' 872
Sharp, Archbishop, murder of, 620 Shelburne, Earl of, takes office in Rockingham's second ministry, 795; becomes Prime Minister, 796; resig nation of, 800
Shelley, opinions of, 888
Sherborne taken by Fairfax, 548
Sherfield, Henry, fined by the Star Chamber, 515
Sheridan, takes part in the impeach- ment of Hastings, 811 Sheriffmuir, battle of, 705
Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's reign, 73; weakened by Henry II., 148 Ship-money, levy of, 523; resisted by Hampden, 524
Ships, comparison between English and Spanish, 459
Shire-moot, the 73; see County Courts Shore, Jane, penance of, 340
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, drowned, 689 Shrewsbury, Duke of, becomes Lord Treasurer, 700
Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Lord Shrewsbury, Parliament of, 283; battle of, 294
Shrines, destruction of, 398
Sicily, the Duke of Savoy becomes king of, 696; given to Austria, 710; ceded to the son of Philip V., 724; retained by Ferdinand I., 857
Sidmouth, Viscount, included in the Ministry of All the Talents, 855; is Home Secretary in Lord Liverpool's ministry, 877 holds that meetings in favour of Radical reform are treason- able, 880; see Addington
Sidney, Algernon, execution of, 626 Sidney, Sir Philip, death of, 457 Sikhs, the, allied, under Runjeet Singh,
with the British, 949; wars with, 951 Silchester, Roman church at, 23 Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour of, 347
Simon de Montfort, early career of, 103: takes the side of the barons, 195; em- ployed in Gascony, 196; executes the Provisions of Oxford, 199; heads the baronial party, 200; wins the battle of Lewes, 201; constitutional scheme of, ib.; killed at Evesham, 203; com- pared with Archbishop Thomas, 204 Sinclair, Oliver, killed at Solway Muss,
Smith, Sir Sidney, defends Acre, 838 Solemn league and covenant, the, 540 Solway Moss, defeat of the Scots at,
405; Charles I. urged by the Scots to take, 551
Somers, Lord, one of the Whig Junto, 659; resignation of, 670; dissuades the Whigs from impeaching Sache- verell, 691
Somerset, Welsh driven out of, 53 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke
of, commands in Normandy, 320; sup- ported by Henry VI., 323; slain at St. Albans, 324 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, executed, 334 Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, invades Scotland as Earl of Hertford, 406; becomes Duke of Somerset and Protector, 412; defeats the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh, 413; possession of Church property by, 415: expelled from the Protectorate, 416; execution of, 418
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of executed, 331
Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, commands in France, 317; kept from court by Suffolk, 318: dies, 320 Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, favourite of James I., 486; disgrace of, 483 Somerset House, building of, 425. Sophia, the Electress, favours the Whigs, 699: death of, 701
Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the strong- hold of Ambrosius, 34 South Africa, progress of, 968 South Australia established as a separate colony, 968
South Saxons, the. first conquests of, 27; destroy Anderida, 28 South Sea Bubble, the, 711 Southwell, Charles I. surrenders to the Scots at, 551
Southwold Bay, battle in, 605 Spain, union of the kingdoms of, 349; growth of the monarchy of, 354;
resources of, 426; maritime power of, 447; authority of, in the West Indies challenged by English sailors, ib.; navy of, 459; English attacks on, 464; sends an expedition to Kinsale, 478; its alliance sought by James I., 486; attack of Raleigh on the colonies of, 489: sends troops to occupy the Palatinate, 490; protest of the Com- mons against an alliance with, 496; visit of Prince Charles to, 497; eagerness in England for war with, 500; money voted for war with, 501; expedition against Cadiz in, 503; Charles I. makes peace with, 514; Cromwell makes war on, 571; question of the succession to, 592; war of the Spanish succession in, 682; her conflict with England in the West Indies, 726; war with, 730; joins France against Eng. land at the end of the Seven Years' War, 766; allies herself with France and America, 787; makes peace with Great Britain, 798; its fleet defeated off Cape St. Vincent, 835; Napoleon's interference in, 862; resists Napoleon, 863: Napoleon appears in, 864; Wel- lesley's advance to Talavera in, 867; Wellington's advance to Madrid and Burgos in, 869: the French driven out of, 871; revolution against Ferdinand VII. in, 882; death of Ferdinand VII. in, 925; civil war in, 921 Spanish succession, the, claimants to,
667; thrown open by the death of Charles II., 671; war of, 675 Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, leads an expedition to Flanders, 278 Spenser, Edmund, his Faerie Queen, 473 Spinning, improvements in, 814
Spinola, Ambrogio, invades the Palati- nate, 490
Spithead, mutiny at, 836 Spurs, battle of the, 364 Stadholder, office of, 449; abolition of the office of, 565
Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, execution of, 621
Stainer, Admiral, captures a Spanish fleet, 572
Stair, the Master of, John Dalrymple, organises the massacre of Glencoe, 654
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 95
Stamp Act, the, passed, 771; repealed,
ib.; carries a Bill for the abolition of slavery, 911: resigns office, 912; a member of Peel's cabinet, 926; resigns, and becomes a leader of the Protec- tionists, 931; succeeds to the Earldom of Derby, 938; see Derby, Earl of Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard III., 343; execution of, 351 Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of, 347 its sentences in the reign of Charles I., 514, 519, 521; abolition of,
States-General, the French, meet during John's captivity, 252
Statute of Wales, 210
Steam engine, the, improved by Watt, 816; introduction of the locomotive, 906
Steam-vessels, introduction of, 906 Stephen, accession of, 131; makes peace with the Scots, 133; quarrels with the barons, ib.; quarrels with the clergy, 134; death of, 135 Stephenson, George, introduces loco- motive engines, 906; appointed en- gineer to the Liverpool and Man- chester Railway, 907; adoption of his locomotive, 909
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 89 Stillingfleet aims at comprehension, 598 Stirling, Wallace's victory at, 221 Stoke, battle of, 347 Stone implements, 1-4 Stop of the Exchequer, the, 604 Stow-on-the-Wold, surrender of the last Royalist army at, 550
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, as Sir Thomas Wentworth, his policy contrasted with that of Eliot, 508; brings in a bill to secure the liberty of the subject, ib.; becomes Lord Went- worth and President of the Council of the North, 514; becomes Lord Deputy of Ireland, 527; created Earl of Straf- ford, and advises the summoning of the Short Parliament, 528; does not advise the prolongation of the second Bishops war, 529; collects an Irish army, ib.; is impeached, 530; Bill of Attainder against, ib.; execution of, 531 Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom of, 43; is not dependent on Ecg- berht, 55; its relations with Eadmund, 64
Stratton, battle of, 538
Strickland moves for an amendment of the Prayer Book, 445
Strode, William, one of the five members, 535
Strongbow in Ireland, 152
Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of Scotland, 295; last descendants of the House of, 743
Submission of the clergy, the, 386 Subsidiary treaties, 859
Succession, Act of, 392
Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, 14-16
Supremacy, Act of, 393: Elizabethan Act of, 429
Supreme head of the Church of Eng- land, title of, conferred by Convocation on Henry VIII., 386; abandoned by Elizabeth, 429
Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., 219
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, execu- tion of, 411
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, minister of Henry VIII., 363; the commander at Flodden, see Norfolk, Duke of
Sussex, conquest of, 27, 28; weakness of, 41; accepts Christianity, 49 Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 452
Sutlej, the, battles on, 951 Svend attacks London, 79; returns to Denmark, 80; invades England, 81; death of, 83
Sweden takes part in the Triple Alliance, 599
Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of, 87; death of, 88
Swift, career of, 693; political influence of, 694; writes The Drapier's Letters, 718 Swynford, Catherine, marries John of Gaunt, 282
Syria, acquired by Mehemet Ali, 921; restored to the Sultan, 922
TACKING, Successful in the case of a bill on Irish forfeitures, 670; rejected by the Commons in the case of an Occasional Conformity Bill, 682 Talavera, battle of, 867
Talbot, Lord, defeats the Burgundians, 313; becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, 320; defeated and slain, 323
Tallages levied by Edward I., 221; abolished by Edward III., 243
Tallard, Marshal, defeated at Blenheim
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