ROM

Romans, the, invasion of Gaul by, 10;
invasion of Britain by, 11; commence-
ment of the conquest of Britain by,
12; massacre of, 15; complete con-
quest of the greater part of Britain by,
17; civilisation introduced into Britain
by, 21; end of their rule in Britain,
26; persistency of their civilisation in
Gaul, 37

Rome taken by the Duke of Bourbon,
374

Romilly, Sir Samuel, advocates the
reform of the criminal law, 885
Romney Marsh divides Jutes from South
Saxons, 27

Rooke, Sir George, takes Gibraltar,
682

Roosebeke, battle of, 278

Root and Branch Bill, the, 533

Roses, Wars ofthe, see Wars of the Roses
Rothesay, Duke of, death of, 295
Rouen occupied by Hrolf, 80; surren-
ders to Henry V., 304; retaken by
the French, 320

Roumania becomes an independent king-
dom, 969

Roundway Down, battle of, 538
Rowton Heath, battle of, 549
Royal Assent, the, refused for the last
time, 706

Royal Society, the, foundation of, 598
Rump, the name given to the remnant
of the Long Parliament, 565; dis-
solved by Cromwell, 566; brought
back, expelled and brought back
again, 575; final dissolution of, 576
Runjeet Singh, allies himself with the
British, 949; death of, 951
Rupert, Prince, commands the cavalry
at Edgehill, 537; storms Bristol, 538;
is defeated at Marston Moor, 543;
takes part in the battle of Naseby,
548; surrenders Bristol, 549; holds a
command in the battle off the North
Foreland, 592; defeated off the Texel,

608

Russell, Admiral, afterwards Earl of
Orford, commands the fleet at La
Hogue, 658; is one of the Whig Junto,
659; created Earl of Orford, 669; see
Orford, Earl of

Russell, Earl, becomes Prime Minister

a second time, 961; resignation of, ib. ;
see Russell, Lord John
Russell, Lord John, advocates Parlia-
mentary reform, 894: obtains the re-
peal of the Test and Corporation Acts,
895; holds a subordinate office in
Lord Grey's ministry, 9or; introduces
the first Reform Bill, 902; becomes
Home Secretary and Leader of the
House of Commons, 913; is unable to
form a ministry, and supports Peel's
abolition of the Corn Law, 931; ob-
jects to Peel's Irish policy, ib.; be-
comes Prime Minister, 932; his deal-
ings with Irish distress, b.: attempts
to improve the condition of tenants in

SAI

Ireland, 933 passes the Encumbered
Estates Act, 934: passes the Eccle-
siastical Titles Bill, 937; resignation
of, 938; joins the Aberdeen Ministry,
and promises a new Reform Bill, 943;
is Foreign Secretary in Palmerston's
second ministry, 956; brings in a
Reform Bill, 957; see Russell, Earl
Russell, William Russell, Lord, sup-
ports the Exclusion Bill, 617; refuses
to take part in acts of violence, 624;
trial of, 625; execution of, 626
Russia, interferes for the first time in
Western Europe, 709; establishes the
'Armed Neutrality,' 792; takes part
in the second coalition, 839; withdraws
from the alliance, 840; joins the
Northern Confederacy, 844 with-
draws from the Northern Confederacy,
845; joins the third coalition, 854:
invaded by Napoleon, 869; offers aid
to the Sultan, 921; joins England,
Austria, and Prussia in supporting the
Sultan, 922; proposed partition of the
Turkish dominions in agreement with,
943; goes to war with the Sultan, 944:
war declared by England and France
against, ib.; makes peace with the
allies, 948; alliance of Dost Moham-
med with, 949; refuses to be bound by
the treaty of 1856, 965; overpowers
the Turkish army, and submits to the
Treaty of Berlin, 969; acquires Penj-
deh, 971

Rutland, Earl of (son of the Duke of
York), accompanies his father to Ire-
land, 326; murdered, 328

Ruvigny, Marquis of, serves in Ireland,
656 see Galway, Earl of
Ruyter, De, captures English forts in
Guinea, 589

Rye House Plot, the, 625
Ryswick, peace of, 667

SA, DOM PANTALEON, execution of, 569
Sacheverell, Dr., sermon preached by,
690 impeached, 691

Sackville, Lord George, misconduct of,
756

Sadowa, battle of, 963

St. Albans (see Verulam), architec-
ture of the nave of the abbey of, 171;
meeting of a national jury at, 180;
the first battle of, 324; the second
battle of, 328

St. Andrews captured by the French and
recaptured, 413

St. Arnaud, Marshal, commands the
French army in the Crimea, 945;
death of, 946

St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 449
St. Bartholomew's day, ejection of the
Presbyterian clergy on, 585

St. Cast, failure of an expedition to the
Bay of, 753

St. Christopher's, England receives the
French part of, 696

1015

SAI

St. John, Henry, becomes minister as a
moderate Tory, 681; obtains the re-
jection of an Occasional Conformity
Bill, 682; turned out of office, 687;
is a member of a purely Tory ministry,
691; orders Ormond not to fight, 695;
created Viscount Bolingbroke, ib.; see
Bolingbroke, Viscount

St. John, Knights of, 157

St. Malo, expedition against, 753
St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged
at, 119

157

St. Paul's, Old, burnt, 592; rebuilt, 677
St. Vincent battle of, 835
Saladin takes Jerusalem,
Saladin tithe, the, 157
Salamanca, battle of, 869
Salic law, the so-called, 232

Salisbury, great Gemot at, 113; cathe-
dral at, 207; Penruddock captures the
judges at, 571

Salisbury, Marquis of, becomes Prime
Minister, 971

Salisbury, Richard, Earl of, his connec-
tion with the Duke of York, 324;
takes part in the battles of Blore
Heath and Northampton, 326; be-
headed, 328

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, as Sir
Robert Cecil, secretary to Elizabeth
and James I., 480, 481: becomes Earl
of Salisbury and Lord Treasurer, 484
orders the levy of new impositions, iv.;
death of, 486

Salisbury, Countess of, executed, 401
San Domingo, Penn and Venables
attack, 572

San Stefano, treaty of, 969

Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, deprived for refusal to take
oaths to William, 651

Sandwich, Earl of, informs against
Wilkes, 770

Santa Cruz, Blake destroys Spanish
ships at, 573

Saratoga, capitulation of, 786
Sardinia, Kingdom of, conferred on the
Duke of Savoy, in lieu of the Kingdom
of Sicily, 710

Sarum, Old, 34

Savile. Sir George, presides over a
meeting in support of economical re-
form, 789: passes a Bill in relief of
Roman Catholics, 792
Savoy, the, burnt, 269
Savoy Conference, the, 585

Savoy, Duke of, persecutes the Vaudois,

572

Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, 292
Saxon shore, the defence of, 25; over-
run by the Jutes, 27

Saxons, the (see East Saxons, South
Saxons, West Saxons), ravage Roman
Britain, 24; settle in Britain, 27;
merge their name in that of English,
28;
are known by the Celts as
Saxons, 29
Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, 323

SCO

Scheldt, the, opening of, 825
Schism Act, the, passed, 699; repealed,

710

Schomberg, Marshal, lands in Ireland,
655; killed at the Boyne, 656
Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, 347
Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a
union of Scots and Picts, 63; its rela-
tions with England under Eadmund,
64 its relations with Cnut, 84; with
William I., 104; with William II.,
119; with Stephen, 133; with Henry
II., 154; with Richard I., 159; dis-
puted succession in, 214; Edward I.
acknowledged Lord Paramount of,
216; its league with France, 218;
twice conquered by Edward I., 219,
221; incorporated with England, 222;
conquered a third time by Edward I.,
224 independence of, 226; first war
of Edward III. with, 231; struggle
between Edward Balliol and David
Bruce in, 233, 234; accession of the
Stuarts to the throne of, 295; assists
France in its wars with England,
307; power of the nobles in, 404;
Hertford's invasion of, 409; Protestant
missionaries in, 412: Somerset's inva-
sion of, 413; the Reformation in, 432;
the intervention of Elizabeth in, 433;
Presbyterianism in, 434; Mary lands
in, 435; Mary's government of, 437
449; civil war in, 443; projected
union with, 482; Episcopacy and
Presbyterianism in, 524; introduc-
tion of a new prayer book in, 525;
national covenant signed in, ib.; first
Bishops' war with, 526; episcopacy
abolished by the Assembly and Parlia-
ment of, 527; the second Bishops'
war with, 529; visit of Charles I. to,
532; solemn league and covenant
with, 540; sends an army into Eng-
land, 542; its army recalled, 553; pro-
posal of a new invasion of England by,
$54; engagement signed with Charles
I. by Commissioners of, 556; Charles
II. and Cromwell in, 563; Restoration
settlement of, 595; Lauderdale's in-
fluence in, 602; Lauderdale's manage-
ment of, 619; Covenanters in, ib.;
rising of the Covenanters in, 620;
under James II., 639; Presbyterianism
established in, 652; the crown offered
to William and Mary in, ib.; pacifica-
tion of the Highlands of, 654; the union
with, 685; enthusiastic support of the
Darien expedition in, 671; Mar's
rising in, 705; disruption of the
Church of, 940

Scots, the ravages of, 23; abode of, in
Ireland, 23; renewed ravages of, 26;
settle in Argyle, and are defeated at
Degsastan, 42; their relations with
Eadward the Elder, 63; see Scotland
Scott, Sir Walter, works of, 889
Scottish army, the, encamps on Dunse
Law, 526; routs the English at New-

SCR

burn, 529; invades England, 542:
besieges York, ib.; takes part in the
battle of Marston Moor, 543; receives
Charles I. at Southwell, and conveys
him to Newcastle, 551; negotiation
for the abandonment of Charles I. by,
553; returns to Scotland, 553; is de-
feated at Dunbar, 563; and at Wor-
cester, 564

Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed,
296

Scrope, Lord, execution of, 301
Scutage, 141

Scutari, hospital at, 947

Sebastopol, siege of, 945; reduction of,
947; destruction of the fortifications
of, 948

Second Civil War, the, 556, 557

Secular clergy, the, 67

Sedan, battle of, 965

Sedgemoor, battle of, 637

Sedition Act, the, 830

Selby taken by the Fairfaxes, 542

Selden, John, takes part in drawing up
the Petition of Right, 508
Self-denying Ordinance, the, 545
Selsey, landing of the South Saxons

near, 27

Seminary priests, the, 453; Act of Parlia-
ment against, 456

Senegal ceded by France, 766
Senlac, battle of, 96

Separatists, the, principles of, 470;
settlement of, in Leyden and New
England, 489; receive the name of
Independents, 543; see Independents
Sepoy mutiny, the. 951-955
Septennial Act, the, 706
Serfs, see Villeins
Seringapatam stormed, 838

Servia, becomes an independent king-
dom, 969

Settlement, Irish Act of, 595
Settlement, Act of; see Act of Settlement
Seven Bishops, the, petition presented
by, 642; trial of, 643

Seven Years' War, the, beginning of,
749: end of, 766; results of, 767
Severn, West Saxon conquest of the
Valley of, 35

Severus fails in conquering the Cale-
donians, 19

Seymour, Jane, see Jane Seymour
Seymour of Sudley, Lord, execution of,
415

Seymour, William, heir of the Suffolk
line, 480

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

Earl of, early life of, 602; poli y
of, 603; supports the Declaration of
Indulgence, 605; becomes Earl of
Shaftesbury and Chancellor, ib.; his
invective against the Dutch. 606; dis-
missal of, 608; leads the opposition,
ib.; supports toleration for Dissenters
only, 610; declares the present Par-
lament to be dissolved, 612; en-
courages belief in the Popish Plot,

SIN

616; his position similar to that of
Pym, 618; supports the Exclusion
Bill, ib.; indicts the Duke of York as

a

recusant, 621; supported by the
third Short Parliament, ib.; the Grand
Jury throw out a Bill against, 622;
Dryden's satire on, 623; proposes to
attack the king's guards, 624; exile and
death of, ib.

Shakspere, William, teaching of, 474
Shannon,' the, captures the 'Chesa-
peake,' 872

Sharp, Archbishop, murder of, 620
Shelburne, Earl of, takes office in
Rockingham's second ministry, 795;
becomes Prime Minister, 796; resig
nation of, 800

Shelley, opinions of, 888

Sherborne taken by Fairfax, 548

Sherfield, Henry, fined by the Star
Chamber, 515

Sheridan, takes part in the impeach-
ment of Hastings, 811
Sheriffmuir, battle of, 705

Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's
reign, 73; weakened by Henry II., 148
Ship-money, levy of, 523; resisted by
Hampden, 524

Ships, comparison between English and
Spanish, 459

Shires, origin of, 73

Shire-moot, the 73; see County Courts
Shore, Jane, penance of, 340

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, drowned, 689
Shrewsbury, Duke of, becomes Lord
Treasurer, 700

Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Lord
Shrewsbury, Parliament of, 283; battle
of, 294

Shrines, destruction of, 398

Sicily, the Duke of Savoy becomes king
of, 696; given to Austria, 710; ceded
to the son of Philip V., 724; retained
by Ferdinand I., 857

Sidmouth, Viscount, included in the
Ministry of All the Talents, 855; is
Home Secretary in Lord Liverpool's
ministry, 877 holds that meetings in
favour of Radical reform are treason-
able, 880; see Addington

:

Sidney, Algernon, execution of, 626
Sidney, Sir Philip, death of, 457
Sikhs, the, allied, under Runjeet Singh,

with the British, 949; wars with, 951
Silchester, Roman church at, 23
Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour
of, 347

Simon de Montfort, early career of, 103:
takes the side of the barons, 195; em-
ployed in Gascony, 196; executes the
Provisions of Oxford, 199; heads the
baronial party, 200; wins the battle of
Lewes, 201; constitutional scheme of,
ib.; killed at Evesham, 203; com-
pared with Archbishop Thomas, 204
Sinclair, Oliver, killed at Solway Muss,

Smith, Sir Sidney, defends Acre, 838
Solemn league and covenant, the, 540
Solway Moss, defeat of the Scots at,

405; Charles I. urged by the Scots to
take, 551

Somers, Lord, one of the Whig Junto,
659; resignation of, 670; dissuades
the Whigs from impeaching Sache-
verell, 691

Somerset, Welsh driven out of, 53
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke

of, commands in Normandy, 320; sup-
ported by Henry VI., 323; slain at
St. Albans, 324
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke
of, executed, 334
Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of,
invades Scotland as Earl of Hertford,
406; becomes Duke of Somerset and
Protector, 412; defeats the Scots at
Pinkie Cleugh, 413; possession of
Church property by, 415: expelled
from the Protectorate, 416; execution
of, 418

Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of
executed, 331

Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of,
commands in France, 317; kept from
court by Suffolk, 318: dies, 320
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, favourite
of James I., 486; disgrace of, 483
Somerset House, building of, 425.
Sophia, the Electress, favours the Whigs,
699: death of, 701

Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the strong-
hold of Ambrosius, 34
South Africa, progress of, 968
South Australia established as a separate
colony, 968

South Saxons, the. first conquests of,
27; destroy Anderida, 28
South Sea Bubble, the, 711
Southwell, Charles I. surrenders to the
Scots at, 551

Southwold Bay, battle in, 605
Spain, union of the kingdoms of, 349;
growth of the monarchy of, 354;

STA

1017

resources of, 426; maritime power
of, 447; authority of, in the West
Indies challenged by English sailors,
ib.; navy of, 459; English attacks on,
464; sends an expedition to Kinsale,
478; its alliance sought by James I.,
486; attack of Raleigh on the colonies
of, 489: sends troops to occupy the
Palatinate, 490; protest of the Com-
mons against an alliance with, 496; visit
of Prince Charles to, 497; eagerness
in England for war with, 500; money
voted for war with, 501; expedition
against Cadiz in, 503; Charles I.
makes peace with, 514; Cromwell
makes war on, 571; question of the
succession to, 592; war of the Spanish
succession in, 682; her conflict with
England in the West Indies, 726; war
with, 730; joins France against Eng.
land at the end of the Seven Years'
War, 766; allies herself with France
and America, 787; makes peace with
Great Britain, 798; its fleet defeated
off Cape St. Vincent, 835; Napoleon's
interference in, 862; resists Napoleon,
863: Napoleon appears in, 864; Wel-
lesley's advance to Talavera in, 867;
Wellington's advance to Madrid and
Burgos in, 869: the French driven out
of, 871; revolution against Ferdinand
VII. in, 882; death of Ferdinand VII.
in, 925; civil war in, 921
Spanish succession, the, claimants to,

667; thrown open by the death of
Charles II., 671; war of, 675
Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich,
leads an expedition to Flanders, 278
Spenser, Edmund, his Faerie Queen, 473
Spinning, improvements in, 814

Spinola, Ambrogio, invades the Palati-
nate, 490

Spithead, mutiny at, 836
Spurs, battle of the, 364
Stadholder, office of, 449; abolition of
the office of, 565

Stafford, William Howard, Viscount,
execution of, 621

Stainer, Admiral, captures a Spanish
fleet, 572

Stair, the Master of, John Dalrymple,
organises the massacre of Glencoe,
654

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 95

Stamp Act, the, passed, 771; repealed,

STA

ib.; carries a Bill for the abolition of
slavery, 911: resigns office, 912; a
member of Peel's cabinet, 926; resigns,
and becomes a leader of the Protec-
tionists, 931; succeeds to the Earldom
of Derby, 938; see Derby, Earl of
Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard
III., 343; execution of, 351
Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of,
347 its sentences in the reign of
Charles I., 514, 519, 521; abolition of,

531

States-General, the French, meet during
John's captivity, 252

Statute of Wales, 210

Steam engine, the, improved by Watt,
816; introduction of the locomotive,
906

Steam-vessels, introduction of, 906
Stephen, accession of, 131; makes peace
with the Scots, 133; quarrels with the
barons, ib.; quarrels with the clergy,
134; death of, 135
Stephenson, George, introduces loco-
motive engines, 906; appointed en-
gineer to the Liverpool and Man-
chester Railway, 907; adoption of his
locomotive, 909

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 89
Stillingfleet aims at comprehension, 598
Stirling, Wallace's victory at, 221
Stoke, battle of, 347
Stone implements, 1-4
Stop of the Exchequer, the, 604
Stow-on-the-Wold, surrender of the last
Royalist army at, 550

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of,
as Sir Thomas Wentworth, his policy
contrasted with that of Eliot, 508;
brings in a bill to secure the liberty of
the subject, ib.; becomes Lord Went-
worth and President of the Council of
the North, 514; becomes Lord Deputy
of Ireland, 527; created Earl of Straf-
ford, and advises the summoning of
the Short Parliament, 528; does not
advise the prolongation of the second
Bishops war, 529; collects an Irish
army, ib.; is impeached, 530; Bill of
Attainder against, ib.; execution of,
531
Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom
of, 43; is not dependent on Ecg-
berht, 55; its relations with Eadmund,
64

Stratton, battle of, 538

Strickland moves for an amendment of
the Prayer Book, 445

Strode, William, one of the five members,
535

Strongbow in Ireland, 152

Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of
Scotland, 295; last descendants of the
House of, 743

Submission of the clergy, the, 386
Subsidiary treaties, 859

Succession, Act of, 392

Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, 14-16

Supremacy, Act of, 393: Elizabethan
Act of, 429

Supreme head of the Church of Eng-
land, title of, conferred by Convocation
on Henry VIII., 386; abandoned by
Elizabeth, 429

Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the
name of Edward I., 219

Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, execu-
tion of, 411

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of,
minister of Henry VIII., 363; the
commander at Flodden, see Norfolk,
Duke of

Sussex, conquest of, 27, 28; weakness of,
41; accepts Christianity, 49
Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of, Lord
Deputy of Ireland, 452

Sutlej, the, battles on, 951
Svend attacks London, 79; returns to
Denmark, 80; invades England, 81;
death of, 83

Sweden takes part in the Triple
Alliance, 599

Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of,
87; death of, 88

Swift, career of, 693; political influence
of, 694; writes The Drapier's Letters,
718
Swynford, Catherine, marries John of
Gaunt, 282

Syria, acquired by Mehemet Ali, 921;
restored to the Sultan, 922

TACKING, Successful in the case of a
bill on Irish forfeitures, 670; rejected
by the Commons in the case of an
Occasional Conformity Bill, 682
Talavera, battle of, 867

Talbot, Lord, defeats the Burgundians,
313; becomes Earl of Shrewsbury,
320; defeated and slain, 323

Tallages levied by Edward I., 221;
abolished by Edward III., 243

Tallard, Marshal, defeated at Blenheim

682