'intention to continue his researches till December, when he expected to arrive at the Isle of France. This was the latest direct intelligence received of him; and M. d'Entrecasteaux, who was despatched by the French government, in 1791, in search of Perouse, was unable to trace the course he had taken. Recently, however, a notice has been published by the French minister of marine, purporting that an American captain had declared that he had seen, in the hands of one of the natives of an island between Louisiade and New Caledonia, a cross of the order of St. Louis, and some medals, which appeared to have been procured from La Perouse's vessels. In consequence of this information, the commander of a vessel which sailed from Toulon, in April 1826, received orders to make researches in the quarter specified. Other intelligence, relative to the wreck of two large vessels, on two different islands of the New Hebrides, was obtained by our captain Dillon at Tucopia, in his passage from Valparaiso to Pondicherry, in May 1826, in consequence of which that officer has been despatched to the New Hebrides to ascertain the authenticity of the report he received. The voyage of La Perouse was published in French at Paris, 1797, 4 vols. 4to; and an English translation, in 3 vols. 8vo., appeared in 1798.

PERPEND', v. a. Lat. perpendo. To weigh exactly; weigh in the mind; consider attentively.

some sciences.

Thus it remains and the remainder thus ; Perpend. Shakspeare. Hamlet. Perpend, my princess, and give ear. Shakspeare. Consider the different conceits of men, and duly perpend the imperfection of their discoveries. Browne. Unto reasonable perpensions it hath no place in Browne's Vulgar Errours. PERPENDICULAR, adj. Fr. perpendiPERPENDICULARLY, adv. culaire; Lat. PERPENDICULARITY, n. s. perpendicularis. Crossing at right angles; particularly crossing the horizon at right angles: perpendicularity is the state of being perpendicular.

Ten masts attacht make not the altitude, Which thou hast perpendicularly fallen.

Ray.

The angle of incidence, is that angle which the line, described by the incident ray, contains with the perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting surface at the point of incidence. Newton's Opticks.

Though the quantity of water thus rising and falling, be nearly constant as to the whole, yet it varies in the several parts of the globe; by reason that the vapours float in the atmosphere, and are not restored down again in a perpendicular upon the same precise tract of land. Woodward.

The meeting of two lines is the primary essential mode or difference of an angle; the perpendicularity of these lines is the difference of a right angle.

VOL. XVII.

Watts's Logic.

Tate's Juvenal. A woman who lends an ear to a seducer may be violent acts.

insensibly drawn into the perpetration of the most

PERPETUAL, adj. PERPETUALLY, adv.

Clarissa.

Fr. perpetuel, perpetuer; Ital., Span., and Inces

PERPETUATE, v. a. (Lat. perpetuo.

PERPETUITY, n. s. sant; uninterrupted; eternal, with respect to futurity: always operating: perpetually, the corresponding adverb: to perpetuate is to preserve from extinction or decay; to eternise; continue without cessation: perpetuation, the act of making, and perpetuity, the state of being, perpetual.

For men to alter those laws, which God for perpetuity hath established, were presumption most intolerable. Hooker.

Yet am I better

Than one that's sick o' the gout, since he had rather
Groan so in perpetuity, than be cured
By the sure physician, death.

Shakspeare. Cymbeline.
Time as long again
Would be filled up with our thanks;
And yet we should, for perpetuity,
Go hence in debt.
Id. Winter's Tale.
Nothing wanted to his noble and heroical intentions,
but only to give perpetuity to that which was in his
time so happily established.

Bacon.

The strokes of divine vengeance, or of men's own consciences, always attend injurious perpetrations. King Charles.

A perpetual screw hath the motion of a wheel and the force of a screw, being both infinite.

Wilkins's Mathematical Magick. Within those banks rivers now Stream, and perpetual draw their humid train. Milton. Nourishing hair upon the moles of the face is the perpetuation of a very ancient custom. Browne. There can be no other assurance of the perpetuity of this church, but what we have from him that built Pearson. C

it.

My way of stating the main question is plain and clear; yours obscure and ambiguous: mine is fitted o instruct and inform; yours to perplex and confound a reader.

Waterland.

Hard task for one who lately knew no care, And harder still as learned beneath despair; His hours no longer pass unmarked away, A dark importance saddens every day; He hears the notice of the clock, perplexed, And cries, Perhaps eternity strikes next. Cowper. PER'QUISITE, n. s. Į Lat. perquisitus. PER QUISITED, adj. Something above regular wages or gains: supplied with perquisites. But what avails the pride of gardens rare, However royal, or however fair,

If perquisited varlets frequent stand,

And each new walk must a new tax demand?

To what your lawful perquisites amount. Swift. PERQUISITE, in law, is any thing gotten by a man's own industry, or purchased with his money; in contradistinction to what descends to him from his father or other ancestor.

PERRAULT (Charles), son of an advocate in parliament, was born at Paris, in 1626. Colbert chose him first clerk of the buildings, of which he was superintendant, and afterwards made him comptroller-general of the finances under him. He was one of the first members of the academy of belles lettres and inscriptions, and was received into the French academy in 1671. His poems La Peinture, and La siecle de Louis le Grand, are well known. He drew up elegies of great men of the seventeenth century, with portraits, and produced other esteemed

works.

PERRAULT (Claude), brother of Charles, was born at Paris in 1613; and was bred a physician, though he never practised but among his relations, friends, and the poor. He excelled in architecture, painting, sculpture, mathematics,

physics, and all those arts that relate to designing and mechanics. When the academy of sciences was established, he was one of its first members, and was chiefly depended on for mechanics and natural philosophy. His works are, A French translation of Vitruvius; Memoires fol. 1676, with figures; Essais de Phisique, 4 pour servir à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux, vols. 12mo, 1688; Recueil des Plusieurs Machines de nouvelle Invention, 4to. 1700, &c. He died in 1688.

PERRAULT (Nicholas and Peter), brothers of the two last, made themselves also known in the literary world.

PERRON (James Davy Du), a cardinal distinguished by his abilities and learning, born in Bern, in 1556; and educated by Julian Davy, his father, a very learned Calvinist. Philip Desportes, abbot of Tyron, made him known to Henry III. king of France, who conceived a great esteem for him. Some time after Du Perron abjured Calvinism, and embraced the ecclesiastical function. After the murder of Henry III. he retired to the house of cardinal de Bourbon, and took great pains in bringing back the Protestants to the church of Rome. He chiefly contributed to engage Henry IV. to change his religion and that prince sent him to negociate his reconciliation to the holy see, in which he succeeded. Du Perron was consecrated bishop of Evreux while he resided at Rome. He was made cardinal in 1604 by pope Clement VIII. at the solicitation of Henry IV. who afterwards nominated him to the archbishopric of Sens. He also sent him to Rome with cardinal Joyense, in order to terminate the disputes between Paul V. and the Venetians. He died at Paris in 1618. His works were collected after his death, and published at Paris in 3 vols. folio.

PERROT (Nicholas), lord of Ablancourt, a man of uncommon genius, born at Chalons in 1606. After studying philosophy about three years he was sent to Paris to follow the law. At eighteen years of age he was admitted advocate of parliament, but soon discontinued his practice. In 1637 he was admitted a member of the French academy; he died in 1664. His works are mostly translations.

PERRUKE, PERUKE, or PERIWIG, was anciently a name for a long head of natural hair; such, particularly, as there was care taken in the adjusting and trimming of. The Latins called it coma; whence part of Gaul took the denomination of Gallia Comata, from the long hair which the inhabitants wore as a sign of freedom. The word is now used for a set of false hair, curled, buckled, and sewed together on a frame or cawl anciently called capillamentum or false peruke.' The ancients used false hair, but the use of perukes, in their present mode, has not existed two centuries.

;

PERRY, n. s. Fr. poirè, from poire; Belg. peerdranck. Cyder made of pears.

Perry is the next liquor in esteem after cyder, in the ordering of which, let not your pears be over ripe before you grind them; and with some sorts of pears, the mixing of a few crabs in the grinding is of great advantage, making perry equal to the redstreak cyder.

Mortimer.

PERRY, the best pears for perry are those which are most tart and harsh. Of these the Bosbury pear, the Bareland pear, and the horse pear, are the most esteemed for perry in Worcestershire, and the squash pear in Gloucestershire. PERRY (Captain John), an engineer, who resided long in Russia, having been recommended to the czar Peter, while in England, as a person capable of serving him on a variety of occasions relating to his new design of establishing a fleet, making his rivers navigable, &c. He was author of The State of Russia, 1716, 8vo., and An Account of the stopping of Dagueham Breach, 1721, 8vo. He died February 11th,

1733.

PERRY (James), an English journalist, was born at Aberdeen,. October 30th, 1756. After receiving his education in the high school of that place, he was entered of the Marischal College, with a view to the law; but the failure of his father, who was a builder, put an end to that design, and in 1774 he went successively to Edinburgh and to Manchester, as a mercantile clerk; but in 1777 he pushed on in quest of fortune to London. Here he became a writer in The General Advertiser, which paper prospered well under his management. In 1782 he became the first editor of The European Magazine, in which he had Dr. William Thomson for a coadjutor, though the work did not answer till Mr. Isaac Reed undertook the management. Mr. Perry now engaged in conducting The Gazetteer, and was also the editor of Debrett's Parliamentary Debates. At length he purchased The Morning Chronicle, which paper made his fortune. He died at Brighton, December 4th, 1821. He was twice the object of a public prosecution, once for publishing the Resolutions of the Derby Meeting; and secondly, for a paragraph respecting his present majesty, then prince of Wales. On the former occasion he was defended by lord Erskine; on the latter he pleaded his own cause with great ability, and both times obtained a verdict of acquittal. For many years the Morning Chronicle, under the management of Mr. Perry, might be deemed a sort of official organ of the Whig opposition, a feature which it immediately lost on his death.

PERSECUTE, v. a. Fr. persecuter, of PERSECUTION, n. s. ·Lat. persecutus; Ital. PERSECUTOR. persequire; Span. and Port. persequir; of barb. Lat. persequi. To pursue intently; hence malignantly; harass with penalties; importune: the nouns follow these

senses.

Our necks are under persecution; we labour and

have no rest.

Lamentations v. 5.

He endeavoured to prepare his charge for the ception of the impending persecution; that they might adorn their profession, and not at the same time suffer for a cause of righteousness, and as evil doers. Fell. Relate, For what offence the queen of heaven began To persecute so brave, so just a man. Dryden. Christian fortitude and patience had their opportunity in times of affliction and persecution. Sprat.

had a great share in the conversion of those learned The deaths and sufferings of the primitive Christians Pagans, who lived in the ages of persecution.

Addison.

The se

PERSECUTION, in a more restrained sense, is the sufferings of Christians on account of their religion. Historians usually reckon ten general persecutions, the first of which was under the emperor Nero, thirty-one years after our Lord's ascension; when that emperor, having set fire to the city of Rome, threw the odium of that execrable action on the Christians, who under that pretence were wrapped up in the skins of wild beasts and worried and devoured by dogs; others were crucified, and others burnt alive. cond was under Domitian, in the year 95. In this persecution, St. John the apostle was sent to the isle of Patmos, in order to be employed in digging in the mines. The third began in the third year of Trajan, in the year 100, and was carried on with great violence for several years. The fourth was under Antoninus the philosopher. when the Christians were banished from their houses, forbidden to show their heads, reproached, beaten, hurried from place to place, plundered, imprisoned, and stoned. The fifth began in the year 197, under the emperor Severus. The sixth began with the reign of the emperor Maximinus in 235. The seventh, which was the most dreadful persecution that had ever been known in the church, began in the year 250, in the reign of the emperor Decius, when the Christians were in all places driven from their habitations, stripped of their estates, tormented with racks, &c. The eighth began in the year 257, in the fourth year of the reign of Valerian. The ninth was under the emperor Aurelian, A. D. 274; but this was very inconsiderable; and the tenth began in the nineteenth year of Dioclesian, A. D. 303. In this dreadful persecution, which lasted ten years, houses filled with Christians were set on fire, and whole droves were tied together with ropes, and thrown into the sea.

The Jews raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and expelled them. Acts xiii. 50.

Wisdom xi. 20.

Heavy persecution shall arise

On all, who in the worship severe

Of spirit and truth.

Milton.

What man can do against them not afraid,
Though to the death; against such cruelties
With inward consolations recompensed;
And oft supported so, as shall amaze

Their proudest persecutors. Id. Paradise Lost.

and in different places, two, four, or six leagues in breadth. It is watered by the great river Araxes, now Bendemir, and by a multitude of rivulets besides. Within the compass of this plain are between 1000 and 1500 villages, all adorned with pleasant gardens, and planted with shady trees. The entrance of this plain on the west side has received as much grandeur from

nature, as the city it covers could do from industry or art. It consists of a range of mountains steep and high, four leagues in length, and about two miles broad, forming two flat banks, with a rising terrace in the middle, the summit of which is perfectly plain and even, all of native rock. In this there are such openings, and the terraces are so fine and so even, that one would be te upted to think the whole the work of art, if th great extent, and prodigious elevation thereof, did not convince one that it is a wonder too great for aught but nature to produce. Undoubtedly these banks were the very place where the advanced guards from Persepolis took post, and from which Alexander found it so difficult to dislodge them. One cannot from hence descry the ruins of the city, because the banks are too high to be overlooked: but one can perceive on every side the ruins of walls and of edifices, which heretofore adorned the range of mountains of which we are speaking. On the west and on the north this city is defended in the like manner: so that, considering the height and evenness of these banks, one may safely say that there is not in the world a place so fortified by nature.

The mountain Rehumut, in the form of an amphitheatre, encircles the palace, which is one of the noblest and most beautiful pieces of architecture remaining of all antiquity. Authors and travellers have been exceedingly minute in their descriptions of these ruins; and yet some of them have expressed themselves so differently from others, that, had they not agreed with respect to the latitude and longitude of the place, one would be tempted to suspect that they had visited different spots. These ruins have been described by Garcias de Silva Figueroa, Pietro de la Valle, Chardin, Le Brun, and Mr. Franklin. We shall adopt the description of the latter, as being exceedingly distinct, and given by a traveller intelligent and unassuming.

The ascent to the columns is by a grand staircase of blue stone containing 104 steps. The first objects that strike the beholder on his entrance are two portals of stone, about fifty feet in height each; the sides are embellished with two sphinxes of an immense size, dressed out with a profusion of bead work, and, contrary to the usual method, they are represented standing. On the sides above are inscriptions in an ancient character, the meaning of which no one hitherto has been able to decipher.

At a small distance from these portals you ascend another flight of steps, which lead to the grand hall of columns. The sides of this staircase are ornamented with a variety of figures in bassorelievo; most of them have vessels in their hands; here and there a camel appears, and at other times a kind of triumphal car, made after the Roman fashion; besides these are several led horses, oxen, and rams, that at times intervene and diversify the procession. At the head of the staircase is another basso-relievo, representing a lion seizing a bull; and close to this are other inscriptions in ancient characters. On getting to the top of this staircase, you enter what was formerly a most magnificent hall; the natives have given this the name of chehul minar, or

forty pillars; and, though this name is often used to express the whole of the building, it is more particularly appropriated to this part of it. Although a vast number of ages have elapsed since the foundation, fifteen of the columns yet remain entire; they are from seventy to eighty feet in height, and are masterly pieces of masonry: their pedestals are curiously worked, and appear little injured by the hand of time. The shafts are enfluted up to the top, and the capitals are adorned with a profusion of fret-work. From this hall you proceed along eastward, until you arrive at the remains of a large square building, to which you enter through a door of granite. Most of the doors and windows of this apartment are still standing; they are of black marble, and polished like a mirror on the sides of the doors, at the entrance, are bassi-relievi of two figures at full length; they represent a man in the attitude of stabbing a goat: with one hand he seizes hold of the animal by the horn, and thrusts a dagger into his belly with the other; one of the goat's feet rests upon the breast of the man, and the other upon his right arm. This device is common throughout the palace. Over another door of the same apartment is a representation of two men at full length; behind them stands a domestic holding a spread umbrella: they are supported by large round staffs, appear to be in years, have long beards, and a profusion of hair upon their heads. At the south-west entrance of this apartment are two large pillars of stone, upon which are carved four figures; they are dressed in long garments, and hold in their hands spears ten feet in length. At this entrance also the remains of a staircase of blue stone are still visible. Vast numbers of broken pieces of pillars, shafts, and capitals are scattered over a considerable extent of ground, some of them of such enormous size that it is wonderful to think how they could have been brought whole and set up together. Indeed, all the remains of these noble ruins indicate their former grandeur and magnificence, truly worthy of being the residence of a great and powerful monarch.

These noble ruins are now the shelter of beasts and birds of prey. Besides the inscription abovementioned, there are others in Arabic, Persian, and Greek. Dr. Hyde observes that the inscriptions are very rude and artless; and that some, if not all of them, are in praise of Alexander the Great; and therefore are later than that conqueror. PERSES, the last king of Macedonia. See MACEDON.

PERSEVERE', v. n. PERSEVERANCE, n. s. PERSEVERANT, adj.

Fr perseverer; Ital. perseverare; Span, and Port. perseverar; Lat. persevero. To persist; continue; be constant in a design or attempt: perseverance is persistence; continuance; constancy in good or ill: perseverant, constant; persisting.

But my rude musick, which was wont to please Some dainty ears, cannot with any skill

The dreadful tempest of her wrath appease,
Nor move the dauphin from her stubborn will;
But in her pride she doth persevere still. Spenser

The king-becoming graces
Bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness;
I have no relish of them. Shakspeare. Macb.th