Here this gas is made to contain two volumes of hydrogen, and have a density = 0·9722.

Phosphorus and sulphur are capable of combining. They may be united by melting them together in a tube exhausted of air, or under water. In this last case they must be used in small quantities; as, at the moment of their action, water is decomposed, sometimes with explosions. They unite in many proportions. The most fusible compound is that of one and a half of sulphur to two of phosphorus. This remains liquid at 40° Fahrenheit. When solid, its color is yellowish-white. It is more combustible than phosphorus, and distils undecompounded at a strong heat. Had it consisted of 2 sulphur + 4 phosphorus, we should have had a definite compound of 1 prime of the first + 1 of the second constituent. This proportion forms the best composition for phosphoric fire-matches or bottles. A particle of it attached to a brimstone match inflames when gently rubbed against a surface of cork or wood. An oxide made by heating phosphorus in a narrow-mouthed phial with an ignited wire answers the same purpose. The phial must be kept closely corked, otherwise phosphorous acid is speedily formed.

Phosphorus is soluble in oils, and communicates to them the property of appearing luminous in the dark. Alcohol and ether also dissolve it, but more sparingly.

When swallowed in the quantity of a grain it acts as a poison. Azote dissolves a little of it, and has its volume enlarged by about one-fortieth.

PHOTINIANS, in ecclesiastical history, a sect of heretics in the fourth century, who denied the divinity of our Lord. They derive their name from

PHOTINUS, their founder, who was bishop of Sirmium, and a disciple of Marcellus. Photinus published, in the year 343, his notions respecting the Deity, which were repugnant both to the orthodox and Arian systems. He asserted that Jesus Christ was born of the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary; that a certain divine emanation, which he called the Word, descended upon him; and that because of the union of the divine word with his human nature he was called the Son of God, and even God himself: that the Holy Ghost was not a person, but merely a celestial virtue proceeding from the Deity. Both parties condemned the bishop in the councils of Antioch and Milan, held in the years 345 and 347. He was condemned also by the council at Sirmium in 351, and was afterwards degraded from the episcopal dignity, and at last died in exile in the year 372 or 375. His opinions were afterwards revived by Socinus.

PHOTIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, was one of the finest geniuses of his time. He was born in Constantinople, and descended of a noble family. His merit raised him to the patriarchate; for, Bardas having driven Ignatius from the see, Photius was consecrated by Asbestus in 859. He condemned Ignatius in a synod, whereupon the pope excommunicated him, and he, to balance the account, anathematised the pope. Basilius of Macedon, the emperor whom Photius had reproved for the murder of Michael, ex

pelled him, and restored Ignatius; but afterwa re-established Photius upon Ignatius's dean, . 878. At last being wrongfully accused of conspiracy against Leo the philosopher, son z. successor to Basilius, he was expelled by h 886, and died soon after. He wrote a Btheca, which contains an examen of 280 a also 253 epistles; the Nomacanon under teen titles; an abridgment of the acts of ser councils, &c. His natural abilities were r great. There was no branch of art or sciens. which he was not versed. He was first raise the chief dignities of the empire, being a principal secretary of state, captain of the r and a senator; and in all these stations acqu himself well. His rise to the patriarchister very quick; for, being a layman, he was t monk the first day, reader the next, and the lowing day sub-deacon, deacon, and priest that in six days he attained to the highest of the church. But his unbounded ambition him commit excesses which rendered hi scourge to those about him. Fabricius cas Bibliotheca, non liber, sed insignis thes not a book, but an illustrious treasure, in v are contained many curious things no where to be found. It was brought to light by A Schotus, and communicated by him to ex Hoeschelius, who caused it to be prim 1601. Schottus translated it into Lat, El printed his translation alone in 1600 7 Greek text and translation were printed neva in 1611. The last and best editio printed at Rouen in 1653, folio.

PHOTOCITE, a mixture of the silicate carbo-silicate of manganese.

PHOTOMETER, an apparatus for e suring the intensity of light, and the transpar of the medium through which it passes. ments for this purpose have been invented count Rumford, M. de Saussure, Mr. Lesb others. Mr. Leslie's is the simplest instr of the kind, but it only measures the moters intensities of light; and a description of 2 them would take up too much room. Wether refer the inquisitive reader to Nicholson's sophical Journal, vol. iii. De Saussure's meter is also called a diaphanometer. Mr.Le photometer may be considered as a dife thermometer, having one of its balls of cat glass, the other of black glass. The lig duces no effect upon the transparent ba heats the black ball according to its ine and this heat, by depressing the liquid tube, marks the intensity of the light.

PHOTOPSIA (from owe, light, and w vision), lucid vision. An affection of the eye which the patient perceives luminous rays, ig lines, or coruscations.

PHOXUS, a general of the Phocæans, burnt Lampsacus.

PHRAGANDE, an ancient people of Thrax. Livy, xxvi. c. 25.

PHRAORTES, the son of Dejoces, and te second king of the Medes, succeeded his fat about A. Å. C. 657, and reigned twentyyears. He was killed in a fruitless attemp Nineveh, and was succeeded by his son Cyas

ares I.

The scholars of Ireland seem not to have the least

conception of a stile, but run on in a flat phraseology, often mingled with barbarous terms. Swift.

Precision is the third requisite of perspicuity with respect to words and phrases. Murray.

PHRASE is sometimes used for a short sentence or small set or circuit of words constructed together. In this sense father Buffier divides phrases into complete and incomplete. Phrases are complete where there is a noun and a verb, each in its proper function; i. e. where the noun expresses a subject, and the verb the thing affirmed of it. Incomplete phrases are those where the noun and the verb together only do the office of a noun; consisting of several words without affirming any thing, and which might be expressed in a single word. Thus, that which is true,' is an incomplete phrase, which might be expressed in one word, truth; as, that which is true satisfies the mind,' i. e. 'truth satisfies the mind.'

PHRASE, in music, means a complete sense composed of one or more musical propositions, terminated by a cadence more or less complete. In a phrase there may be various significations or ideas, viz. the principal, which commences and terminates the phrase, the expletives, incidents, oblique or subordinate. To phrase is to round, as in discourse, the different phrases of a musical period. Music, without phrases, called

also hemistics, is sound without sense, whether in its composition or performance.

PHRASE, OF PHRASED, a musical composition performed upon the principle of hemistics, or whose melodic phrases are rounded off.

PHRASEOLOGY is also used for a collection of the phrases or elegant expressions in any lan

guage.

PHREAS (John), M. D., an English physician, born at London in the end of the fourteenth century. He was educated at Oxford, and became fellow of Baliol College. He translated from the Greek into Latin Diodorus Siculus, and other ancient works. He read lectures on medicine at Ferrara, Florence, and Padua, at which last university he was presented with his degree. He died in 1465.

απ

PHREATIS, or PHREATIUM, in Grecian antiquity, was a court belonging to the civil government of Athens, situated upon the sea-shore in the Piræus. The name is derived from ano re ppearos, because it stood in a pit; or, as others suppose, from the hero Phreatus. This court heard such causes as concerned persons who had fled out of their own country for murder, or those who fled for involuntary homicide, and who had afterwards committed a deliberate and wilful murder. The first who was tried in this place was Teucer, on a groundless suspicion that he had been accessory to the death of Ajax. The accused was not allowed to come to land, or so much as to cast anchor, but pleaded his cause in his bark; and if found guilty was committed to the mercy of the winds and waves, or, as some say, suffered more condign punishment; if innocent he was only cleared of the second fact, and, according to custom, underwent a twelvemonth's banishment for the former. See Potter's Gr. Antiquities, vol. i.

PHRENETIC is used of those who, without being absolutely mad, are subject to such strong sallies of imagination as in some measure pervert their judgment and cause them to act in a way different from the more rational part of mankind.

PHRENITIS is the same with phrenzy ; an inflammation of the brain, attended with an acute fever and delirium. See MEDICINE.

PHRENOLOGY (of Gr. pony the mind, and Moyos, a discourse), denotes strictly the science of mind, and has recently been applied to a new theory of philosophy, which teaches

1. That the brain is à congeries of so many distinct parts, each of which is the organ of some innate special faculty.

2. That the power of manifesting each faculty is always proportionate to the size and activity of that organ or part of the brain with which it is supposed to be in immediate connexion.

3. That it is possible to ascertain, during life, the relative sizes of these organs by the corresponding protuberances or enlargements on the external surface of the cranium.

In our article BRAIN it is suggested that the term phrenology, in application to the hypothesis,

the legitimacy of which is now to be discussed, seems too presumptive and too restrictive-too presumptive in implying or taking for granted that this is the true science of mind; and too restrictive, because the phrenic or mental part of the argument does not comprehend its whole scope and bearing; the system of Gall and Spurzheim (the principal founders and promulgators of it), constituting, when taken in its full stretch of latitude, in some sort a new system of neurology in general.' But Dr. Spurzheim, who we believe was the first to propose the present denomination, might have been guided in his choice by an anxiety which he and his original master, Gall, have ever manifested to scout the idea of their doctrines being, as some have supposed them to be, merely a new system of phy

siognomy. Denude,' says Dr. S., 'the whole of the brain, and present it to me without any cranial covering, and I will pledge myself to as correct an opinion of its phrenological character, as had I to judge of the same brain, surrounded and encompassed by its membraneous and bony investments.' Craniology, therefore, is an improper appellation to give to our science; and cranioscopy is obviously as bad, since they both suppose a knowledge only of the exterior, while our investigations and our inferences have to do with what is within much more than what is merely on the surface, or manifest to every beholder. Our anatomy is new, our physiology is new, our metaphysics are new; or rather, in reference to the last, we should say, that metaphysics has hitherto been a science merely in name, since it has abandoned physicology, and taught to satisfy itself with mere abstractions.

Our present duty is that of historians and narrators. If in the course of the present article a bearing to one side of the argument be discovered, let the reader be told that some twelve or fourteen years since, when Dr. Spurzheim's book first made its appearance, the individual who principally supplies this article furnished a review of Dr. S.'s voiume, which all would agree in pronouncing rather condemnatory than in support of the doctrine. See Eclectic Review, 1815. Whether he still preserve his originally hostile feeling to the cause, or whether he be completely indifferent respecting the subject, and pretended science, is for any reader to determine who may think it worth his while to bestow an hour's consideration on the topic. All that we think it right further to say in the way of preface is this, that impartiality shall at any rate be aimed at, and that failure shall not be legitimately chargeable upon design or intention. It may be proper to remind the reader too, that, although the plural pronoun is used in the construction of the paper, as is usual in all articles admitted into a miscellaneous collection, neither the editor, or other contributors, are responsible for the opinions of individual writers on subjects open to controversy.

We cannot perhaps give a more convincing proof of our impartial feeling than by freely extracting from able writers, who have taken different estimates of the validity of this doctrine. The first of them, an acute reasoner, is decidedly hostile to its claims.

tute the system. Have not the phrense like the aspiring giants of the olden tie, piled Mount Ossa on Pelion, and Pes Olympus, crowded organ upon organ fret base to the vertex of the head? Have not supposed relative positions and dimensi these, as indicated by isolated protubers been taught in books, lectures, and delinea all the phrenological busts? Have they pretended to measure them severally and vidually in living characters even to the eg an inch? But this is not all. In adverting custom which different nations have of comp ing and otherwise changing the form of the b Dr. Spurzheim remarked-The instrumen 2) is worn for this purpose has been brough England; I know not exactly how long i been used, but have heard about two years is curious and worthy investigation, and I w have you, should any of you have the opportu make this enquiry, see, when the bone is t pressed, whether the brain underneath it to increase in size. You may try it in a for, if it be the case, then we could in it compress the head in its different parts, a give a direction and development to the bet noblest facts of the human mind.”—MS. e of lectures, delivered in Edinburgh in 18%

'How beautiful,' says Mr. S., is this tion! How characteristic of the philos all the phrenological speculations! Whe annus mirabilis comes to pass it will bea millennium of phrenology. We shall the deed, hear no more of little lumps and p berances,' but shall speak of the mount veneration being bounded on the south by valley of amativeness, and on the east and by the caverns of destructiveness. The idea public of Plato, the Atalantis of Harrison, Utopia of More, were all only dim and conceptions of that state of perfectibility of wh the human mind and heart are thus suppo susceptible.'

In another part of the pamphlet from whe we have borrowed this spirited extract we find most eloquent appeal against the phrenolo tenets grounded on the assumption that nat circumstances, the force of example, and varieties of creeds, have much more to do the excitement and manifestation of passion have the physical construction, whether de head or any other part of the frame. We re that we can only extract a part of this pass

Neither in man nor in animals,' says Mr. Stone, is it possible to ascertain during life the relative positions and sizes of those organs to which each of the more favored faculties has been assigned a local habitation and a name.' Spurzheim has lately observed, We do not judge by the particular elevations and lumps upon the skull, but by its general development. Our adversaries are the bumpists-but no, look at the general appearance-judge for yourselves (MS. notes of lectures on the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the brain, delivered in Edinburgh, 1828). What,' continues Mr. Stone, Dr. Spurzheim would have us to understand by this declaration, it is impossible to comprehend; for in the same course, nay, in the same lecture, he proceeded to demonstrate the individual bumps and protuberances which in fact consti