ze, the rosemary phillyrea, lavender phillyrea, riped phillyrea, &c. 2. P. latifolia, the broad leaved phyllyrea, or *ock privet, a tall evergreen shrub, a native of e south of Europe. It will grow to about velve feet high. The branches are strong and upght. The bark is of a gray color, spotted with hite, which has a pretty effect; and the leaves row opposite by pairs. They are of a heart-haped oval figure, of a thick consistence, and a trong dark green color. Their edges are sharply errated, and they stand on short strong foottalks. The flowers grow from the wings of the eaves in clusters, in March. They are of a kind of greenish-white color, make no show, and are ucceeded by small round black berries. There are three varieties, viz. the ilex-leaved philly rea, he prickly phillyrea, and the olive philly rea with slightly serrated edges. 3. P. media, the oval-leaved phillyrea, or mock privet, or the medial-leaved phillyrea, a tall evergreen shrub, native of the South of Europe. It has also three varieties, viz. 1. the common smooth-leaved phillyrea. This plant grows to twelve or fourteen feet high, and the branches are very numerous. The older branches are covered with a dark brown bark, but the bark on the young shoots is of a fine green color. They are oval, spear-shaped, and grow opposite, by pairs, on strong short foot-stalks. The flowers are produced in clusters from the wings of the young branches. They are small, and of a greenish-white color; they appear in March, and are succeeded by berries, which are first green, then red, and black in autumn when ripe. 2. The privet-leaved phillyrea grows to ten or twelve feet high, and the branches are covered with a brown bark. The leaves a little resemble the privet; they are of a fine green color, and grow by pairs on the branches. They are of a lanceolate figure, and their edges are entire, or rearly so; for some signs of serratures sometimes appear. The flowers grow in clusters in March. They are whitish, and are succeeded by small black berries. 3. The olive-leaved phillyrea is the most beautiful of all the sorts. It will grow to about ten or twelve feet high; and the branches, which are not numerous, spread abroad in a free easy manner, which give the tree a fine air. They are long and slender, covered with a light brown bark; and on these the leaves stand opposite by pairs at proper intervals, on short foot-stalks. They resemble those of the olive-tree, and are of a delightful green. Their surface is exceedingly smooth, their edges are entire, and the membrane of a thickish consistence. The flowers are small and white, and like the other sorts make no show. They are succeeded by single roundish berries. All these species may be either propagated by seeds or layers. 1. By seeds. These ripen in autumn, and should be sown soon after. The mould must be made fine; and, if it is not naturally sandy, if some drift sand be added it will be so much the better. The seeds for the most part remain until the second spring before they come up; and, if they are not sown soon after they are ripe, some will come up even the third spring after. They must be sown about an inch deep; and during the following summer should be kept clean from weeds. After they are come up, the same care must be observed, and also watering in dry weather; and if the beds are hooped, and the plants shaded in the hottest season, so much the better. But at the approach of winter they must be hooped, and the beds covered with mats in the hardest frosts, otherwise there will be danger of losing the whole crop; for these trees, though they are very hardy when grown tolerably large, are rather tender whilst seedlings. They should remain in the seed beds with this management for two summers; and then waiting for the first autumnal rains in September cr October (and having prepared a spot of ground), they should at that juncture be planted out, on which they will immediately strike root. The distance from each other need not be more than a foot, if they are not designed to remain long in the nursery. If there is a probability of their not being wanted for some years, they should be allowed nearly double that distance; and every winter the ground in the rows should be well dug, to break their roots, and cause them to put out fresh fibres, otherwise they will be in danger of being lost when brought into the shrubbery quarters. 2. By layers they will easily grow. The autumn is the best time for this operation, and the young shoots are fit for the purpose. The best way of layering them is by making a slit at the joint; though they will often grow well by a twist being only made. When the gardener chooses the method of twisting a young branch for the layers, he must be careful to twist it about a joint so as only to break the bark; for, if it be too much twisted it will die. But, if it be gently twisted, it will, at the twisted parts, strike root, and by autumn following, as well as those layers that had been slit, will have good root; the strongest of which will be fit for planting where they are wanted to remain, whilst the weaker and worst rooted layers may be planted in the nursery ground like the seedlings, and treated accordingly. PHILLYREAŠTRUM, a genus of plants in Vaillant's system of botany; called morinda by Linnæus. PHILO, an ancient Greek writer, who was of a noble family among the Jews, and flourished at Alexandria during the reign of Caligula; to whom he was sent at the head of an embassy from the Jews, to defend them against Appion, A. D. 42. The best edition of his works was published at London in 1742 by Dr. Mangey, in 2 vols. folio. For farther particulars respecting this celebrated man, see Josephus's Antiq.; Eusebius's Eccl. Hist.; St. Jerome De Script. Eccles. Fabr. Bibl. Græc; Cave Hist. Liter. and Mon. of the Greek Church, vol. 2. PHILO, a native of Byblos, a grammarian, who flourished in the first century, and acquired celebrity by his works; the chief of which is Sanchoniathon's History of Phoenicia, which he translated into Greek. Some fragments are extant. PHILO, a celebrated architect and writer of Byzantium, who flourished about A. A. C. 300. He wrote a treatise on Machines used in War, which is extant, in the Mathematici Veteres, 1693, folio. There is also ascribed to him, but on dubious grounds, a work, entitled De vii. Orbis Spectaculis; Romæ, 1640. PHILOBOTUS, a mountain of Boeotia. PHILOCHORUS, an ancient Greek historian, who wrote a history of Athens in seventeen books, which has not come down to us. He died A. A. C. 222. PHILOCLES, an admiral of the Athenian fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He recommended to his countrymen to cut off the right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the ten admirals except one; but their expectations were frustrated, and, instead of being conquerors, they were totally defeated at Ægospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles was put to death with the rest of his colleagues. PHILOCRATES, an ancient author, who wrote a History of Thessaly. PHILOCTÉTES, in fabulous history, the son of Pean, was the faithful companion of Hercules: who, at his death, obliged him to swear not to discover the place where his ashes were interred, and presented him with his arrows dipped in the Hydra's blood. The Greeks at the siege of Troy being informed by an oracle that they could never take that city without those fatal arrows, went to Philoctetes, and insisted upon his discovering where he had left his friend; when Philoctetes, to evade the guilt of perjury, let them know where Hercules was entombed, by stamping upon the place; but he was punished for the violation of his oath, by dropping an arrow upon that foot; which, after giving him great agony, was at length cured by Machaon. He was afterwards taken by Ulysses to the siege of Troy, where he killed Paris with one of his arrows. PHILOCYPRUS, a king of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice he changed the situation of a city, which, in gratitude to the Athenian legislator, he named Soli. PHILOLAUS, of Crotona, a celebrated philosopher of antiquity, of the school of Pythagoras, to whom that philosopher's Golden Verses have been ascribed. He was,' says Dr. Enfield, 'a disciple of Archytas, and flourished in the time of Plato. It was from him that Plato purchased the written records of the Pythagorean system. Interfering in affairs of state, he fell a sacrifice to political jealousy. Philolaus treated the doctrine of nature with great subtlety, but with great obscurity; referring every thing that exists to mathematical principles. He taught that reason, improved by mathematical learning, is alone capable of judging concerning the nature of things; that the whole world consists of infinite and finite; that number subsists by itself, and is the chain which by its power sustains the eternal frame of things; that the Monad is not the sole principle of all things, but that the Binary is necessary to furnish materials, from which all subsequent numbers may be produced; that the world is one whole, which has a fiery centre, about which the ten celestial spheres revolve, heaven, the sun, the planets, the earth, and the moon; and the sun has a vitreous surface, whence the fire diffused through the world y reflected, rendering the mirror from which ri reflected visible; that all things are preserved harmony by the law of necessity; and that world is liable to destruction both by fire by water. From this summary of the doc of Philolaus it appears probable that, follow Timæus, whose writings he possessed, he s departed from the Pythagorean system as a conceive two independent principles in na God and matter, and that it was from the source that Plato derived his doctrine upon subject.' PHILOLOGER, n. s. Gr. φιλολογος. ( whose chief stud language; the st. like a naturalist, not a philologer. You expect that I should discourse of this st The best philologers say, that the original does not only signify domestick, as opposed to b reign, but also private, as opposed to common. Sprot's Serm Temper all discourses of philology with intersy sions of morality. Studies, called philological, are history, langua grammar, rhetorick, poesy, and criticism. PHILOLOGY is composed of doc, a kar and Aoyog, a word, and imports the desire investigating the properties and relations words, or language; yet it has often been use in a more extensive signification: and has can prehended the study of grammar, criticism, mology, the interpretation of ancient auther antiquities; and, in a word, every thing relatio to ancient manners, laws, religion, governa language, &c. This seems any thing but an adherence to p cision in matters which particularly require Returning to the proper signification of the te our article GRAMMAR may be referred to as t taining some original and comprehensive observe tions on the first principles of written or spoke language, i. e. of philology: the article La GUAGE Supplies, after Adelung, a complete sker of the General History of Languages.' He need here only add, Languages, in general, may be divided inte 1. Ancient languages; which are those that have become extinct with the people who spok them, or have been so altered and distigu that they no longer resemble the languages were spoken by those people. 2. Oriental languages; the study of which necessary in order to the understanding of the text of the Holy Scriptures, especially the Testament. 3. Learned languages; which are those tha are indispensably necessary in the study of po lite literature; and the critical knowledge of any of the modern tongues: which, while there were people in the world who made them their com Cowper. PHILOMELA, in fabulous history, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne, being much attached to Philomela, became melancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens and bring her sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed; but had no sooner obtained Pandion's permission to conduct Philomela to Thrace, than he fell in love with her, dismissed the guards, offered violence to Philomela, and cut out her tongue that she might not discover his barbarity and villany. He then confined her in a lonely castle; and, returning to Thrace, told Procne that Philomela had died by the way. On this Procne put on mourning for Philomela; but a year had scarcely elapsed before Philomela, having described on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, privately conveyed it to Procne, who hastened to deliver her sister from confinement, and concerted with her mea1sures for punishing Tereus. During the festival of Bacchus she murdered her son Itylus, then in the sixth year of his age, and served him up as food before her husband. Tereus, in the midst of his repast, called for Itylus; when Procne informed him that he was then feasting on his flesh, and Philomela, throwing on the table the head of Itylus, convinced him of the reality of the story. He now drew his sword to punish the parricidal sisters, but was changed, we are told, into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. This tragedy happened at Daulis in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the story, are silent about the transformation; and the former observes that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to Megara, where he killed himself, The inhabitants raised a monument to his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed pebbles instead of barley. On this monument the hoopoes were first observed. Procne and Philomela died through excess of grief; and, as the voices of the nightingale and swallow are peculiarly mournful, the poets embellished the fable by the supposed metamorphoses. PHILOMELUM, a town of Phrygia. PHILOMELUS, or, as Plutarch calls him, PHILOMEDES, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi. See PHOCIS. He died A.A. C. 354. PHIL'OMOT, adj. Corrupted from French feuille morte. A dead leaf. Colored like a dead leaf. One of them was blue, another yellow, and another philomot; the fourth was of a pink color, and the fifth of a pale green. Addison. PHILONIUM, in pharmacy, a kind of somniferous anodyne opiate, taking its name from Philo the inventor. PHILONIZE. Lat. philonizo. To imitate the style and sentiments of Philo. This verb, and its companion Platonize, owe their derivation and existence to the circumstance of Philo, the Alexandrian Jewish philosopher, having imbibed. the philosophical principles of Plato so thoroughly, and imitated his manner so closely, that in reading Philo's works it became a proverbial saying, 'Aut Plato Philonizat, aut Philo Platonizat,' i.e. Either Plato Philonizes, or Philo Platonizes."' See PHILO. PHILONUS, a village of Egypt. PHILOPATER, a surname of the fourth Ptolemy. See EGYPT and P1OLEMY. PHILOPOMEN, a celebrated general of the Achæan league, born in Megalopolis, in Peloponnesus. He was no sooner able to bear arms than he entered among the troops which Megalopolis sent against Laconia. When Cleomenes III., king of Sparta, attacked Megalopolis, Philopemen displayed much courage. He signalised himself no less in the battle of Sellasia, where Antigonus defeated Cleomenes. Antigonus made very advantageous offers to gain him over to his interest; but he rejected them. He went to Crete, then engaged in war, and served several years as a volunteer, till he acquired a complete knowledge of the military art. On his return home he was appointed general of the horse; in which command he behaved so well, that the Achæan horse became famous all over Greece. He was soon after appointed general of all the Achæan forces, when he applied himself to reestablish military discipline among the troops of the republic, which he found in a very low condition. For eight months he exercised his troops daily, when news was brought him that Machanidas was advancing, at the head of a numerous army, to invade his country. He accordingly, taking the field, met the enemy in the territories of Mantinea, where a battle was fought, in which he completely routed the Lacedæmonians, and killed their leader with his own hand; this happened about A. A. C. 204. But what most of all raised the fame and reputation of Philopamen was his joining the powerful state of Lacedæmon to the Achæan commonwealth; by which means the Achæans came to eclipse all the other states of Greece. This memorable event happened in the year 191. The Lacedæmonians, overjoyed to see themselves delivered from the oppressions they had long groaned under, ordered the palace and furniture of their tyrant Nabis to be sold; and the sum accruing thence, to the amount of 120 talents, to be presented to Philopomen, as a token of their gratitude. On this occasion, so great was the opinion which the Spartans had of his disinterestedness, that no one could be found who would take upon him to offer the present, until Timolaus was compelled by a decree. The money however he rejected, declaring he would always be their friend without expense. About two years after this, the city of Messene withdrew itself from the Achæan eague. Philopomen attacked them; but was wounded, fell from his horse, was taken prisoner, and poisoned by Dinocrates, the Messenian general, in his seventieth year, A. A. C. 183. Philopomen drank the cup with pleasure, when he heard from the jailor that his countrymen were victors. The Achæans, to revenge his murder, marched up to Messene, where Dinocrates, to avoid their vengeance, killed himself. The rest concerned in his murder were sacrificed on his tomb, and annual sacrifices were held to his memory by the Megalopolitans. To the valor and prudence of Philopomen Achaia owed her glory, which upon his death declined; whence Philopomen was called the last of the Greeks, as Brutus was afterwards styled the last of the Romans. PHILOPONUS (John), a learned grammarian and philologist of the seventh century, born in Alexandria. He was of so studious a disposition that he was styled the Lover of Labor. He published many of Aristotle's tracts, with learned commentaries. PHILOSOPHEME, n. s.) Gr. piλoooonμa; PHILOSOPHER, Fr. philosophe ; PHILOSOPHIC, adj. Lat. philosophus. PHILOSOPHICAL, Principle of reaPHILOSOPHICALLY, adv. soning; theorem: PHILOSOPHISE, v. a. a philosopher is a PHILOSOPHY, N. s. Jman of profound research in natural or moral knowledge: philosophic and philosophical, belonging to, or skilled in philosophy; rational; wise; temperate; the adverb corresponding: to philosophise is to act or reason as a philosopher: philosophy, natural or moral knowledge; system of knowledge or reasoning; argumentation. I had never read, heard, nor seen any thing, I had never any taste of philosophy nor inward feeling in myself, which for a while I did not call to my sucSidney. cour. Many sound in belief have been also great philosoHooker. phers. This is what nature's wants may well suffe But, since among mankind so few there are Who will conform to philosophick fare, I'll mingle something of our times to please. No man has ever treated the passion of love w so much delicacy of thought and of expression searched into the nature of it more phisseps than Ovid. exalted the faculties of our souls, when they Some of our philosophizing divines have too maintained that by their force mankind has able to find out God. Two doctors of the schools were philosophizing the advantages of mankind above all other create L'Extrengs ▼ Addison's Freehd. How could our chymick friends go on Prist To find the philosophick stone? His decisions are the judgment of his pas not of his reason, the philosophy of the sinner not the man. Rem Acquaintance with God is not a speculative kase ledge, built on abstracted reasonings about his ture and essence, such as philosophical minds of busy themselves in, without reaping from thence advantage towards regulating their passions, practical knowledge. Atterbury If natural laws were once settled, they are berer to be reversed; to violate and infringe them is the same as what we call miracle, and doth not sound very philosophically out of the mouth of an atheist. Bentley's Sermons The PHILOSOPHER'S STONE was the greatest ➤ject of alchemy, a long sought for preparation, Eich, when found, was expected to convert all e true mercurial part of metal into pure gold, etter than any that is dug out of mines, or percted by the refiner's art. Some Greek writers the fourth and fifth centuries speak of this art being then known; and towards the end of he thirteenth, when the learning of the east had een brought hither by the Arabians, the same retensions began to spread through Europe. See ALCHEMY, CHEMISTRY, and TRANSMUTAION. Alchemists attempted to arrive at the making of gold by three methods: the first by separation; for every metal known, it was affirmed, contains some quantity of gold; only, in most, the quantity is so little as not to defray the expense of getting it out. The second by maturation; for they thought mercury the base and matter of all metals; that quicksilver purged from all heterogeneous bodies would be much heavier, denser, and simpler, than the native quicksilver, &c.; and that by subtilising, purifying, and digesting it with much labor, it was possible to convert it into pure gold. The third method was by transmutation, or turning other metals into pure gold, by melting them in the fire, and casting a quantity of a certain preparation into the fused matter. That which was to work the desired change in the metals was called the philosopher's stone. This pretended secret was encouraged by four licenses, granted to different projectors during the reign of Henry VI., and in succeeding times was patronised all over Europe. PHILOSOPHY. PHILOSOPHY, Gr. piλooopia, of piλew, to love, and ropia, is thus stated by Cicero to owe its origin to the modesty of Pythagoras: Every one knows that among the Greeks there were seven eminent men, who have since been universally denominated the seven wise men' of Greece: that, at a still earlier period, Lycurgus, and, even in the heroic ages, Ulysses and Nestor, were called wise men; in short, that this appellation has, from the most ancient times, been given to those who have devoted themselves to the contemplation of nature. This title continued in use till the time of Pythagoras. It happened, while this great man was at Phlius, that Leon, the chief of the Phliusians, was exceedingly charmed with the ingenuity and eloquence with which he discoursed upon various topics, and asked him in what art he principally excelled; to which Pythagoras replied that he did not profess himself master of any art, but that he was a 'philosopher.' Leon, struck with the novelty of the term, asked Pythagoras who were philosophers, and in what they differed from other men? Pythagoras replied that, as in the public games, while some are contending for glory, and others are buying and selling in pursuit of gain, there is always a third class of persons, who attend merely as spectators; so, in human life, amidst the various characters of men, there is a select number of those who, despising all other pursuits, assiduously apply themselves to the study of nature, and the search after wisdom: these, added Pythagoras, are the persons whom I call philosophers.' Cicero Tuscul. Disp. 1. v. c. 3. Happy had it been for science and for mankind had this ambition to be considered 'searchers after wisdom' rather than wise men' been perpetuated but those who adopted the new term soon evinced equal vanity with their predecessors; and, according to Quintilian, despising the occupation of the orator (no very decisive proof of folly, however), employed themselves in prescribing rules for the conduct of life, and insolently assumed the title of the sole professors of wisdom.' In its usual acceptation the term philosophy has been taken to denote a science, or collection of sciences, of which the universe is the object. Pythagoras has defined it as Tημn Twv ovτwv, 'the knowledge of things existing:' Cicero, after Plato, scientia rerum divinarum et humanarum cum causis;' and Bacon, 'interpretatio naturæ.' M. Chauvin, deriving the word from pila, desire or study, and oopia, understands it to mean the desire or study of wisdom; for, says he, Pythagoras, conceiving that the application of the human mind ought rather to be called study than science, set aside the appellation of wise as too assuming.' Whether any of these definitions be sufficiently precise, and at the same time sufficiently comprehensive, may be questioned; but if philosophy, in its utmost extent, be capable of being adequately defined, it is not here that the definition would be given. Explanation,' says an acute writer, 'is the first office of a teacher; definition, if it be good, is the last of the enquirer after truth; but explanation is one thing, and definition quite another.' 6 The principal objects of philosophy, taken in its most general sense, are God, nature, and man. That part of it which treats of God is called theology; that which treats of nature physics and metaphysics; and that which treats of man logic and ethics. An ingenious contemporary says, 'By philosophy we mean the knowledge of the reasons of things, in opposition to history, which is the bare knowledge of facts or to mathematics, which is the knowledge of the quantity of things or their measures; and well observes, : These three kinds of knowledge ought to be joined together as much as possible. History furnishes matter, principles, and practical exa |