institutions or one of the 10,000 shops or factories where men are now being trained into employment. In the first place, the man must be paid his maintenance allowance, and twice a month checks are sent to him from the United States Government. At present the first check is being mailed from Washington on an average of 16 days after the man enters training. The majority of commercial houses pay at the end of the month. The schools must be paid for tuition, books, supplies of all kinds, and these must be paid under Government regulations for securing proper bids, etc.

It is necessary to follow the man to see that he is in training. This often requires a visit to his home, if he is out of training because of his physical condition. He must be followed to see that he is making good in his training, and if he is not and can not make progress in the training prescribed another course of training must be arranged for him. When he has made sufficient progress to justify it, employment must be secured for him, and he could be followed into employment to see that it is suitable for one with his disability.

As an example of the situation with which we are at present confronted, a training officer in one of our large cities visited 100 different commercial establishments during the month of December and failed to find a single opportunity for the employment of a disabled man. The employees of the Board are trying to look at the problem from a human side and to put the Government, as it were, "in loco parentis" to the man.

Those who have sought to advise with a few young men just out of their teens can appreciate something of the complexity of the task of advising, training, and securing employment for 75,000 men, varying in age from the mere youth to the man of nearly 60 years.

Of the first $50,000,000 which was spent by the Government up to and including September 30, 1920, more than $35,000,000 went as direct payment to the men for their maintenance expense, while the balance represents the amount spent for the subsistence and travel of the disabled men while going to and from their places of training, the amount spent for their tuition, books, supplies, medical services, and for all administrative expense of the Rehabilitation Division of the Federal Board, including salaries, office rent, office equipment, travel of employees, communication, printing, and all other charges.

Newspapers carry from time to time the story of some man who has failed to make good in his training. Such individual cases get more attention than the large number of men who are profiting by training. A man, for example, left New York City a few days ago to accept a position at $3,600 as a result of his training. No newspaper carried the story. Another man showed a prominent citizen of the metropolis a contract which called for $5.000 for his first year's work and $10,000 a year thereafter, as a result of the training given him by the Government, but this story did not get into the public press. It is true that these are exceptions, but it is the rule elsewhere, as it is at Northwestern University, that the Federal Board trainees rank higher than the other students in the institutions, though the ex-service men have less academic preparation. They are older and more experienced. The dean of the school of accounting of the University of Denver states that there is no finer group of men anywhere than the 150 men attending the university as wards of the Federal Board. The reports from the hospitals are that men who are taking vocational training are much more satisfied and are making better progress physically than men who are not. The newspapers carry stories of the wonderful work which the Red Cross Institute at Evergreen is doing for men blinded in the war. Every ex-service man in this institution is sent there by the United States Government, is paid his allowance by the Government, and the Red Cross Institute is supported largely by the tuition fees for these students which are paid by the United States through the Federal Board

for Vocational Education. The work for retraining all special classes, such as men suffering from speech defects, from tuberculosis, and from mild mental disorders is no less remarkable. The record of the past year is shown by the report to Congress dated December 1. A careful reading of that report will show the basis for the statement by Judge Robert S. Marx, of the Superior Court of Cincinnati, himself a disabled man, that he knew of "no comparable enterprise in the industrial world which has ever been built up to such magnitude in such a short space of time.”

A MESSAGE TO THE DISABLED EX-SERVICE MEN.

Written by SECRETARY BAKER for publication in the first number of The Trainee, an ex-service men's paper issued in California. This message will be of interest to all Federal Board men.

WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington.

The Trainee will reach 3,500 disabled ex-service men in the States of California, Arizona, and Nevada. These men are pursuing various vocational courses under the direction of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. To them I send a message of greeting, gratitude, and good cheer.

The great army is demobilized; its men are scattered to their homes and have reentered the business and industry of the country as citizens. There remain, however, the disabled soldiers, who not only stood the shock of battle but came away decorated with disabilities which mark them always among their fellowmen as special objects of the national interest and affection.

In olden times, after a war, the disabled soldiers were for a little time carried by the enthusiasm of the war spirit and then became mere pensioners, without special capacity for rendering further service and without those resources of happiness which come to men who realize not only that they are self-supporting but that they are busy and useful in the affairs of the world. Many things have now been developed to change this old and helpless attitude. The marvelous subdivision of industry in our modern life has developed occupations in which the handicap of a war-won disability practically disappears. Then the Government has come to realize that its obligation to the disabled soldier is better met by giving him a trade or profession than by giving him a mere allowance of money. All over the United States vocational training is being given men who have had to abandon their original ambitions in civil life and change the occupations upon which they had determined as a means of livelihood.

The Government can only offer the opportunity, the exservice men must take advantage of it. By doing so, they continue to serve the country in peace as they served it in war; but, more than that, they lay out for themselves possibilities of contentment in life which are not otherwise to be attained, for happiness does not come from the mere possession of money or from exemption from the necessity of work. The happiest people in the world are those who exercise to the full their best powers to do things which are intrinsically useful and worthy. Ten years from now the disabled soldier who pursues faithfully his vocational course will be an established citizen, the master of his trade, proud of his output, satisfied with his effort, and respected by the people among whom he lives as a good citizen with the honorable tradition of having been a good soldier. By this course of action the Government and the soldier in no sense diminish the debt of gratitude which our people must always feel to those who made the battle sacri fice, but it does relieve some of the grief and restore some of the wastage which is always inseparable from war.

World War by tuberculosis; Mr. John A. Wilbur, of New York, representing "Community Service"; and Mr. Will A. Reeves, director of Community Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.

The conference proved to be so beneficial that it was decided to call general conferences of local supervisors in each of the fourteen districts of the Board. These conferences, will be called in the immediate future, as soon as a schedule of dates can be arranged, which will permit the attendance of the director or assistant director at each of these general conferences.

The outlook for the successful completion of the program for rehabilitation was reported to be most favorable and members of the conference returned to their districts, after a week devoted to the solution of their common problems, with optimism and renewed devotion to the service.

THE NAUVOO PROJECT.

dreamy ease. But when the patient attempts to function as a machine for the liberation of sufficient mechanical energy to carry a full course of study or earn a livelihood, he is weighed in the balances and found wanting. It is imperative that he be taken on discharge from the sanatorium, that his training started in the sanatorium be continued according to his physical capacity under medical supervision until his physical convalescence has passed well along into industrial convalescence, a period that ends three or four years after active disease has passed into the inactive stage.

Training under medical supervision means limited training. It means that the trainee's health comes first, and instruction second. The usual school does not readily adapt itself to such a program. It desires the man to adjust himself to the school, not the school to the man. In addition to this for the most part, the tuberculous trainees of the Federal Board are a special pedagogical problem. The men differ in age, in habits of study,

JOHN W. TURNER, A. B., M. D., Chief Tuberculosis Officer, F. B. V. E. At Nauvoo, Ill., on the bluffs of the Mississippi River, the Federal Board for Vocational Education is establishing a unique project, a special school for the rehabilitation of exservice men who have been discharged from tuberculosis sanatoria as inactive cases. It has taken over at that place a private-school property which will provide dormitory, commissary, and educational facilities for about 150 students.

Any comprehensive plan for the rehabilitation of those wounded by tuberculosis in the great war nrust be founded on sound economic and pedagogical principles, on a thorough knowledge of tuberculosis, the mode of its development, the manner and rate of its healing during convalescence, and the psychology and physiology of the inactive case. It is proposed in this article to outline the purpose and functions of the school from the medical aspect.

The basic principles of rehabilitation apply. There is a disability. The vocational handicap of the disability must be removed, and the disabled must be returned to a gainful occupation. But in pulmonary tuberculosis the disability is not merely a mechanical one, where the nature of the handicap is clear and well defined, and where a novice untutored and unskilled in the lore of tuberculosis may estimate the need for rehabilitation and decide the degree of handicap.

The disability is dual in nature, mechanical, and hazard. The lungs are a scarred battle ground. Within the lungs a warfare for existence has been waged between the invading tubercle bacilli and the host. The lungs, like the great cathedral at Rheims, pierced by 2,500 shells, its grandeur and beauty marred forever even though restored, have been pierced and mutilated by as deadly a foe. The lungs have been restored in part by Mother Nature's healing balm, but never again will they function as human bellows able to do their full part in supplying energy for life's battle. As we have said, the disability is only partly mechanical; there is also the factor of health hazard. The inactive tuberculous case is in a condition of unstable equilibrium. Like the person in the Good Book freed❘ from the unclean spirit, who had to beware lest the demon return with seven others, so the inactive case, until his condition has become well stabilized, must beware of another breakdown.

The convalescence of the tuberculous case is long and tedious. It may be divided into two parts-physical and industrial. The genesis of the rehabilitation program very properly starts at the very beginning of convalescence. In the hospital the Federal Board provides training adjusted by medical prescription to the man's physical condition. Ideally, this condition should continue, but because of a shortage of sanatorium and hospital beds for the tuberculous, the period of physical convalescence in the sanatorium must be shortened. Its purpose is considered fulfilled when it has established health to the point where the patient is able to carry on an existence of

energy producing capacity, from the other students. It is neither scientific in principles nor feasible in practice to train the groups together. A special school for the tuberculous is the logical solution to the problem. In the special school it is possible to provide the proper atmosphere; the psychology of the group can be made a favorable factor. It is easy to do right when the environment is helpful. The ex-sanatorium case needs encouragement. He should not be compelled to battle against adverse factors. In short, the rationale of the special school is predicated on a profound knowledge of tuberculosis, its tendency to recur until it has been well stabilized by long periods of healing, an appreciation of the frailty of human nature and its need for medical guidance, and the favorable influence of a helpful environment.

The discussion of the content and technique of the training of the tuberculous is a pedagogical one, but there are certain general principles, physiological and psychological, which should be considered. The conception of rehabilitation should not be confined to any narrow utilitarian interpretation of the vocational rehabilitation act. For the tuberculous rehabilitation means spiritual as well as physical or economic restoration, cultural as well as utilitarian attainments. It is more than soporific job placing. The rehabilitation training should be funda mental and efficient, and in accordance with the intellectual and physical capacity of the trainees.

The training of the tuberculous is based on the assumption that the predominating disability is in the physical sphere. It is true that the protein poisons developed by the growth and enzyme (digestive) action on the host's tissue by the tubercle bacilli have left their imprint on the whole body, but the defect is noted more particularly in the fuel-consuming and energyreleasing functions. Physical effort is accomplished by release of energy. The body accumulates energy by digestion and assimilation. It is released by slow oxidation in the muscle cells. But the body metabolism is deficient—that is, the great chemical laboratories of the body, their replenishment and removal of the waste mechanisms have been impaired and are weakened. This applies particularly to the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the circulatory system. Mental effort, on the other hand, while it causes fatigue the same as physical effort, requires but little release of energy, fuel consumption, and disposal of waste. There is some lack of resistance to fatigue, but the acquisition, through training, of correct and disciplined mental habits easily overcomes this handicap.

The work of the school falls logically into two divisions or parts. The content of the training of the first division should consist of the following courses:

1. A survey of job opportunities.

2. A course in physiology and hygiene for the tuber

culous.

3. An introductory course in hygiene as a supplementary course to that in physiology and hygiene, and such shop work as is necessary to keep the interests of those who desire to work with their hands.

In some cases these courses, however, may have to be minored to a more elementary academic work. The average trainee has a rather narrow industrial horizon. His knowledge and information of labor, industry, and commerce must be widened and broadened. To accomplish this a definite course in vocational opportunities is needed. He must be given a vision of his economic possibilities. While his occupational horizon is being extended and widened, a course in physiology and hygiene lays the foundation for a rational choice of a vocation as well as teaches the essentials of health. It teaches the man to think of his body as a machine and imparts to him knowledge that will enable him to care for that machine. Real vocational guidance is predicated on such a background. With such a background the employment objective can be intelligently chosen. Until the prejudices, the wrong conceptions, faulty knowledge, and ill advice have been replaced by an intelligent conception of tuberculosis and a knowledge of how to live and guard his health, the trainee is not in a position to make a real scientific choice of an employment objective, or to carry on with a reasonable probability of success after rehabilitation.

The function of the special school for the tuberculous may be summed as follows:

First. It prepares the tuberculous for real scientific vocational guidance, and fortifies him against a breakdown, by a course in physiology, hygiene, and job opportunities.

Second. It adjusts the training to the man during the early critical period of his convalescence out of the hospital by providing the right environment and medical supervision.

Third. Its purpose and function have been completed when the health of the trainee has been stabilized to the point where he can carry on with a more limited medical supervision.

This policy will secure a wider usefulness for the school by a turnover in trainees every six to nine months.

THE ILLUSTRATORS' SCHOOL FOR DISABLED

SOLDIERS.

A plan very near to the heart of the Federal Board materialized in the opening, on January 3, of the Society of Illustrators' School in New York City. The Board has been, and is, especially desirous that students of art, who have shown consistent and promising ability, be given a course of intensive training that will enable them to apply their knowledge of art to commercial requirements.

The Society of Illustrators in New York City, composed of prominent artists of country-wide, if not world-wide fame, became interested in this plan of the Board's when the idea itself was in its embryonic stage. They have interested them

selves to such an extent that the results have been quite wonderful. Thirty of them, headed by Charles Dana Gibson, have volunteered to teach, without remuneration, a class of Federal Board students, in the principal branches of commercial art. which will include lettering and designing, advertising illustration, poster design and typography.

Mr. Gibson has supplemented this generous offer by declaring himself ready to provide special and expert instruction for any pupils who show aptitude along any line requiring a type of training different from the one offered.

On the list of artists cooperating in the work are Howard Chandler Christy, illustrator; Cass Gilbert, architect and designer of the Woolworth Building; Edward Penfield, illustrator; E. H. Blashfield, mural painter; Herbert Adams, sculptor; Howard Giles, illustrator; C. B. Falls, commercial artist; Ray Greenleaf, commercial artist; W. A. Rogers, cartoonist; F. D. Casey, art director; F. G. Cooper, commercial artist; Fred Farrar, printer; Leon Gordon, commercial artist; George Illian, commercial artist; John W. Sheridan, commercial artist; H. L. Sparks, poster critic with National Park Bank, New York City; Richard Walsh, writer and advertising expert; C. D. Williams, commercial artist; H. T. Webster, cartoonist; E. A. Wilson, commercial artist; Frank Godwin; Robert Amick, commercial artist; Franklin Booth, illustrator; R. M. Brinkerhoff, cartoonist; Charles E. Chambers, illustrator; Wallace Morgan, illustrator; William Oberhardt, commercial artist; Ernest Peixotto, illustrator; F. D. Steele, illustrator; J. A. Williams, illustrator. The students of the Federal Board are in need of training with specific emphasis laid upon the practical side of it. They are men studying hard with but one goal in view-that they may at the end of their schooling step forth into the world equipped to make a living. Thus they need practical as well as theoretical instruction. So this splendid gift of talent from the Society of Illustrators fills a long-felt need.

Men and women applicants for training who have artistic bent really see the advantages of study under teachers who combine the highest artistic standard with a knowledge of the practice of art to needs of modern life.

The school is managed by a council of 36 members made up of members of the Society of Illustrators and officials of the Federal Board for Vocational Education: Uel W. Lamkin, director; Ralph T. Fisher, assistant director for vocational rehabilitation; Walter F. Shaw, district vocational officer, district No. 2; Mr. Carl D. Hibbard, district No. 2; and Mr. John A. Wilbur, special agent. Mr. Gibson is chairman of the council, Mr. Charles B. Falls chairman of the executive committee, and Mr. Ray Greenleaf chairman of the committee on eligibility.