After briefly touching on the advantages of fuch meetings of the clergy, as that at which the Charge was delivered, adverting to that "evil report and good report" through which the Scotch Epifcopal Church long ftruggled for her very exiftence, hinting at the motives which induced him to accept the office which he now holds, and pointing out the duties which, in a tolerated church, a Bifhop owes to his Clergy, and the Clergy to their Bifhop, the worthy Prelate adds,

"It has often afforded me great fatisfaction to contemplate the resemblance that the Chriftian fociety of which we are members bears, in its external condition, to the Church of Chrift as it exifted every where, before the converfion of the Emperor Conftantine. During that period, indeed, the church was fre quently expofed to fecular perfecution; from which, blessed be God, we, enjoying, as we do, a free and perfect toleration from the ftate, are mercifully exempted. But as far as can be intended by the comparifon, our cafe is the fame with that of our forefathers in the Christian faith, in ages which we are accustomed to confider with peculiar veneration. At that time the church, unconnected with the state, subsisted by her own internal and inherent powers. Irenæus, Cyprian, Cornelius, and indeed all who held the office of a Bishop, for the three firft centuries, were poffeffed of no other authority, and probably encompaffed with no more outward dignity, than he who now addreffes you; and this authority was preferved by the filial affection of the clergy over whom they refpectively prefided. God forbid that I should ever have the prefumption to compare my own talents, or my own zeal, to the talents or the zeal of those burning and shining lights, to which

"Some perfons have expreffed their furprife at a Prefbyter of one local church being confecrated a Bishop in another. IRENEUS is one of the numberless inftances which might be produced that this was done daily in the primitive times; for as he was a difciple of POLYCARP, Bishop of Smyrna, and, as MOSHEIM obferves, fent by him to preach the Gofpel among the Gauls,' he must have been in orders before he was fo fent, and, of courfe, a clergyman of the Greek Church. Yet he became, as every one knows, Bishop of Lyons, and one of the brighteft orna, ments of the Latin Church, without ceafing to be in communion with his native church."- -The learned Prelate might have added, that Dr. Burnet, after being many years a Prefbyter of the Scotch Church, ordained by fome one of the predeceffors of the prefent Bishops in Scotland, became Bishop of Sarum in the Church of England, without ceafing to be in communion with the church in which he had first received orders.

every fucceeding age of the church has looked back with reverence inferior only to that which is due to the immediate apostles of our Lord and Mafter. I mention them only because their hiftory, doubtless well known to all of you, furnishes an incontrovertible proof that epifcopacy can fubfift, and Bishops, who are deferving of refpect, be highly refpected, though deftitute of the fplendid but adventitious panoply of a legal establishment." P. 11.

Of this it furnishes indeed a complete proof, and obviates that objection which has been fometimes improperly urged against the Scotch Epifcopacy," that no man can be a Bifhop who was not nominated by the King, and who poffeffes not the rank of a temporal peer!" Polycarp, and Irenæus, and Cyprian, and Cornelius, were nominated by no temporal fovereign, and poffeffed no civil rank, and yet if they were not Bifhops there is now no Bishop in the Chriftian world.

But in what relation, it may be afked, does Dr. Sandford now ftand to the Church of England? We answer, in the very fame relation in which he stood to that Church before. his confecration, and in which the Proteftant Bishops of Quebec and Montreal fland to her. All these prelates are capable of officiating as pricfts in the Church of England, though no one of them could be permitted to officiate as an English Bishop. No man who knows any thing of the conftitution of the original Church of Chrift, and of the purposes for which that fociety was founded, can entertain a doubt that the epifcopal adminiftrations of the Scotch and American Bifhops are in themfelves as efficacious, for all the purposes of religion, as the adminiftrations of any Bifhops on the face of the earth, though neither those prelates nor the clergymen whom they may ordain be admiffible into the Church of England. The reafon of this distinction is very obvious. Every church established by law, and incorporated with the state, enjoys many legal privileges which no man can enjoy, except on the terms which the flate has prefcribed; but in Scotland, where Epifcopacy is only tolerated, all Epifcopalians are on the very fame footing; and our prelates themfelves, on the north fide of the Tweed, would be diffenters from the established church of the country.

We have made thefe obfervations with the view of lending our aid to the promoting of that union among Epifcopalians in Scotland, which, though happily begun, we learn from this Charge, is not yet completed.

"On this fubject," fays Bishop Sanford it would not be come me to enlarge. I may be permitted however, to lament,

that

that groundless prejudices and objections, long fince completely and unanfwerably refuted, fhould ftill be allowed to keep thofe afunder who have all fubfcribed the fame fummary of faith; who all hold the fame opinions refpecting the original conftitution of the church; whofe public worship is effentially the fame; and who all profefs, in the courfe of that worship, to believe that the church is ONE, as well as catholic and apoftolic. I lament it fincerely for the fake of those who have not yet been perfuaded to "caft in their lot with us," and who do not appear to be fenfible of the anomalies and inconveniencies, to fay the beft, to which they expofe themfelves without reafon. I lament it, above all, as a breach of charity, of which the confequences may spread much farther than is generally imagined, even to all the heart-burnings, and jealouties, and difputes, which are utterly inconfiftent with our duty, and with our happiness as Chriftians." P. 15.

On a former occafion* we expreffed a wifh, that all the Epifcopalians in Scotland would unite, not only among themfelves, but also, as far as poffible, with the Established Church, in oppofition to fanaticifm and infidelity. They are the only two Proteftant Churches, in Scotland, we believe, that are known to the law; and fecured as they both are, the one, by the act which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland, in the exclufive rights of a perpetual establishment; and the other by an act of toleration, in liberty of confcience and the free exercise of the rites of religion, they can have nothing to dread from each other. Both, however, have much to dread from an impious philofophy on the one hand, and from the ebullitions of religious fanaticifm on the other; and therefore prudence as well as duty muft dictate the propriety of uniting to repel the attacks of these two formidable enemies to all order, civil and ecclefiaftical. As it is commonly faid, and perhaps with truth, that moderation is oftener found in churches eftablished than in those which are only tolerated, it gives us pleasure to tranfcribe from this Charge the following fentiments, fo congenial with our own.

"With regard to thofe who confcientiously differ from us, the laws which are to regulate our conduct are clear and plain. "We judge no man; feeing that every man ftandeth or falleth to his own master." With regard, efpecially, to our Chriftian brethren of the Established Church, it is our duty to avoid, if it be poffible, giving offence to any; to repay the tranquillity which we enjoy, by a mild and charitable deportment; to show that we do not confider difference of opinion in religious matters

* See our XXVIIth Vol. p. 487, &c.

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as any apology for acrimony or violence; and that, if we cannot always"hold the faith in the unity of the fpirit," (fuch is the imperfection of our nature) we are not therefore entitled to break that "bond of peace" which fhould be maintained between all who acknowledge Jefus Chrift as their Lord and Master." P. 14,

Of the author of these fentiments we have only to say, Sit anima noftra cum talibus.

ART. X. A Mufical Grammar, in Four Parts, 1. Notation. 2. Melody. 3. Harmony. 4. Rhythm. By Dr. Callcott, Organift of Covent Garden. 12mo. 308 pp. 8s. Birchall, 153, New Bond-ftreet. 1806.

A Work undertaken upon the present plan has long been wanted in England, for the improvement of mufical ftudents. Not only trifling and fuperficial, but also tedious. and elaborate treatifes upon mufic have been abundantly multiplied, in which the writers have treated the subject in terms very difficult to be underflood, even by proficients in the science; and the frequent obfcurity and confusedness of their diction incline us to fufpect, that they have not always underflood themfelves.

The author of the work before us feems to have been fully aware of fuch objections, and defirous of presenting to the mufical world a book which fhould be both profound and clear; neither abftrufe, from affected brevity, nor prolix, from multifarious explanation. In accomplishing his defign, Dr. Callcott appears to have spared no pains. He has proceeded from firit principles to a very complex result of them, (although comprised in a fmal! pocket volume) and the order in which this is effected reflects high credit upon his judgement and ingenuity.

As the limits of a review will not admit a minute examination of 700 articles, we must content ourselves with obfervations upon fuch paffages as efpecially claim our attention, or demand our flricture.

The First Part of the work concerns Notation.

Chap. I. treats of the Staff, generally (though improperly) termed the Stave. This, and the notes on the lines and in the spaces are very clearly explained to the beginner.

The Second Chapter treats of the Cleff, and herein the ftudent is initiated into the ufe and application of all the various pofitions of Bafe*, Tenor, and Treble. We conceive, that if the derivation of the term Cleff had been given,

Rightly fo fpelt, inftead of Bafs, which is common among mere musicians.

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an additional affiftance would have been rendered to the learner.

The Third Chapter regards the Notes: and, in the Second Section, (of the Tune of Notes) p. 19. Art. 48, are the following obfervations:

"Art. 48. The greatest care must be taken not to mifunder. ftand the words Note and Tone*. A Note is the found which is heard, or the mark which reprefents it on the Staff; but a Tone is the distance between two Notes, which are called by the names of two adjoining letters, and feparated by one fingle key of the in4trument. Thus, the distance from A to B is a Tone; and therefore A is a Tone lower than B, and B a Tone higher than A.

"Art. 49. The fame obfervation must be applied to the Semitones, which are fometimes called, though improperly, balf Notes. The distance from B to C is a Semitone; therefore B is a Semitone lower than C, and C is a Semitone higher than B. It is then evident that Tones and Semitones are not Notes, otherwife B would be at the fame time both a Tone and a Semitone; fince B is a Tone above A, and a Semitone below C." P. 19.

The author's diftinction between Notes and Tones is highly ufeful, but the concluding period is not expreffed with his general accuracy. Tones and Semitones are certainly Notes, becaufe (as the author has above defined)" a Note is the found which is heard, or the mark which reprefents it on the Staff:" but a Note is not neceffarily a Tone, fince it may be only a Semitone, in relation to fome other Note, and vice versa, a Note is not neceffarily a Semitone, because it may be a Tone, in relation to fome other Note. The true refult is, that Notes and Tones are not to be underflood as convertible terms, fince a note is a fingle found, or its representation upon the staff, and Tones and Semitones acquire their names only as they fland in relation to that degree.

Sect. III. Of the Time of Notes.

"Art. 63. In flow mufic, efpecially that in the church ftyle, two longer notes are used; the Semibreve and the Breve. The Semibrevet is a round white note, without a ftem, and is as long as

"Even the accurate and learned Butler ufes thefe terms in a vague manner (p. 22). He firft fays: From Mi to Fa, and from La to Pha, is but half a tone; between any other two notes there is a whole tone.' Then he adds: But in finging, how to tune each Note and half Note to his fellow, cannot be declared by precept.'

+ The Breve and Semibreve are in daily ufe for our Choir Service. See Boyce's Cathedral Mufic.

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