injured. In England they have large capitals; they can buy and fell much cheaper than our manufacturers, who have in general very fmall capitals. The man with a large capital can afford to give long credit, which the other cannot, and eight per cent. will yield a greater profit to him in trade, who has 10,000l. than ten per cent. to him who has but 1000l. In England they give two years credit, when we can fcarcely give fix months, which induces people to deal with them, as they have a year and fix months interest on the money. This enables them to turn their capitals oftener, so that if they fell, even for lefs than others, the quick difpofal of their goods will not fail to bring them at the end of the year a much greater profit.

Something must be done to relieve the thoufands who now are famishing in your streets. The city of Dublin, with a degree of humanity that will ever do it honor, has hitherto fuccoured them by voluntary donations. But the donations of the city of Dublin will be found inadequate to the miseries of those poor men. The non-importation agreement entered into in 1779, afforded them fome fmall relief for that time, but ferved only to augment their distress fince, as magazines of English cloaths were then formed in this country.

Another expedient was: establish manufactories here: but, Sir, these have ended generally in the ruin of thofe, who have attempted it: for the English riders immediately give notice to their employers, when a manufactory is going to be fet up; the confequence is, the British merchant refolves to lofe for a time, fends over an abundance of the commodity, fells it cheaper than it poffibly can be wrought for, and totally overthrows his rival. Sir, I remember an instance of this in England itself; there was a house in Nottingham carried on a confiderable trade in one branch of bufinefs; another finding it fo profitable, determined to undertake it alfo; but the owner of the first house determined to lofe an immenfity, and underfell the new one; the latter, confequently, failed in a fhort time, and the bufinefs returned to its ancient channel. This fhews, Sir, that the English merchant will always be an overmatch for any manufactory we fet up, which can any way injure him. Now, Sir, another expedient was, opening our export trade; I never fhall arraign that meafure: It was conducted by a gentleman, whofe memory I fhall ever revere, and whom I never think of without emotions which I cannot exprefs; but, Sir, an export trade is beginning at the wrong end; unless there be a home confumption it will never avail.

The home confumption is what gives money and fpirit to the undertaker; VOL. II. without

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without money he cannot pay the men whom he employs, and that money is only to be had by home confumption. Since then the remedies that have been applied are ineffectual, let us now fee what may be fuccessful; and in this let us copy the conduct of England, of France, and other commercial countries; and that is by protecting our manufactures at home.

Then, Sir, fashion, though it may appear at first a trivial matter, has a very great effect on our trade, and for this reafon, whatever is the fashion, the manufacturer has a home confumption for, and fells at an enormous advanced profit for ready money; as foon as the fashion alters, he has made fo much. by it, that he can fend over the redundancy here, and fell it at first cost, or confiderably under the first cost, and still be a gainer; and therefore, though fome perfons here have sent to England, and got patterns of the fashionable articles, yet before the patterns could be procured, the dies prepared, and the manufacture wrought, the English merchant would have varied his fashion there, and fent the redundancy over to us, and underfold us fo as to destroy our hopes.

Now, Sir, what have been the remedies, which we have endeavoured to provide? A non-importation agreement, which, while it lafted, had fome effect, but it was but temporary, the benefit arifing from it was but for a season, and I fear it has eftablished a permanent evil; for, Sir, it was by no means general, and the people, particularly in the north, who were not fo much injured by importation, established warehouses, opened their ports, and laid in fuch a quantity of English goods, as poured an inundation upon us, the moment the agreement was at an end. A few words, continued Mr. Gardiner, will be fufficient to prove, that this measure will not be injurious to the landed property of this country. The advantages of the man of landed eftate, and of the manufacturer are reciprocal; for the prosperity of the one is the fupport of the other. The petition therefore prefented to this houfe, by an honorable gentleman, from certain landholders of his county, cannot with any degree of propriety be urged against this measure.

Mr. Gardiner then read the following refolutions.

1ft. That it appears to this houfe, that the working manufacturers of this kingdom, are in the greatest poverty and distress.

2dly. That the importation of foreign manufactures into this kingdom, has of late years confiderably increased, and still continues to do fo.

3dly. That this great importation, by impeding our manufactures, is the cause of this poverty and distress.

4thly. That the interference of parliament is neceffary to remove thofe evils.

No. LXXIV.

Paftoral Exhortation of the Right Reverend Doctor TROY, the Catholic Bishop of Offory to his Flock. (P. 107.)

DEAR CHRISTIANS,

AT this particular time, when the bleffings of peace and a plentiful harvest should warm the hearts of Christians with becoming gratitude to the Father of Mercies, and excite a spirit of industry amongst all ranks of people, we are much concerned to obferve riot and disorder pervading many of our communion in feveral parts of this county and diocese. Unmindful of the untimely and ignominious death of their relations and acquaintances formerly diftinguifhed by the execrable appellation of White Boys, and deaf to the dictates of reafon and religion conftantly enforced by our exhortation from the altars, they are endeavouring to renew the horrid fcenes of confufion and bloodshed, which difgraced this part of the kingdom not many years ago. They again feem to glory in the opprobrious name of White Boys, and have lately affembled at unfeafonable hours, and in different parties, founding their riotous horn. They have prefumed to administer oaths of combination, and proceed to barbarous acts of violence against the perfons and property of feveral individuals. In a word, they notoriously violate the most facred laws, and equally defpife the injunctions of their fpiritual and temporal rulers. Such accumulated enormities call to heaven for vengeance, which will most affuredly fall on the deluded offenders, if they do not speedily expiate their crimes by fincere and exemplary repentance. As our filence upon this occafion might be misunderstood by ignorant, or finiftroufly interpreted by malevolent perfons, we think it highly incumbent on us to declare, as we do hereby folemnly, in the name and by the authority of our holy mother the church: First, that the affociation oaths ufually taken by the mifguided and unhappy wretches called White Boys, are bonds of iniquity, and confequently unlawful, wicked, and damnable. They are not, therefore, binding in any manner whatever. Secondly, we in like manner declare,

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declare, that we condemn, abhor, and deteft the above mentioned outrages, as contrary to the maxims and canons of our holy religion, deftructive of the public peace, injurious to private property, and fubverfive of every law. Finally, we condemn these deluded offenders, who call themselves Roman Catholics, as fcandalous and rotten members of our holy church, from which they have been already cut off by the fentence of excommunication folemnly fulminated against them on the 17th of October, 1779, in all the chapels of this diocefe. We cannot conclude without befeeching you, dearest Christians, to join us in fervent and conftant prayer for the fpeedy converfion of thefe unthinking creatures. Their condition is truly deplorable; in this life exposed, by their nocturnal excursions and wanton depredations, to sickness, loathfome imprisonment, and an infamous death; whilft in the next their obftinacy will be punished with endless torture. May our gracious God, by his efficacious grace, avert this greatest of all evils, and thereby prevent the bitter recollection of their having difregarded our timely and paftoral admonitions. We shudder at the very apprehenfion of the manifold evils which muft neceffarily enfue to themselves, to their families, and to their country, from a continuation of their unwarrantable proceedings.

It being equally our wifh and duty to promote the happiness of mankind in general, and that of our country and flock in particular, we shall invariably conduct ourselves in a manner becoming minifters of the gofpel and members of fociety. Uninfluenced by fear or any worldly confideration, we are determined to adopt fuch further means, as fhall be found conducive to the above mentioned, and other great objects of our vocation. Kilkenny, 12th November, 1784.

No. LXXV.*

J. T. TROY.

Addrefs prefented to his Majesty, at St. James's, by the Lords and Commons on the 29th of July, 1785. (P. 134.)

MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN.

WE, your majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the

* This work having encreased under the author's pen to so large a bulk, the debate intended to have been here inserted, which is very long, is omitted, and the reader is referred for it to the 18th volume of the Parliamentary Regifter, p. 546 to 592.

lords

lords fpiritual and temporal, and commons of Great Britain in parliament affembled, have taken into moft ferious confideration, the important fubject of commercial intercourfe between Great Britain and Ireland, recommended in your majesty's fpeech at the opening of the prefent feffion, and the refolutions of the two houses of parliament in Ireland, which were laid before us by your majefty's command, on the 22d of February laft.

After a long and careful inveftigation of the various queftions neceffarily arifing out of this comprehenfive fubject, we have come to the feveral refolutions, which we now humbly present to your majesty, and which, we trust, will form the bafis of an advantageous and permanent commercial fettlement between your majefty's kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

We have proceeded on the foundation of the refolutions of the parliament of Ireland; but in confidering fo extenfive an arrangement, we have found it neceffary to introduce fome modifications and exceptions, and we have added fuch regulations and conditions as appeared to us indifpenfably neceffary for establishing the propofed agreement, on just and equitable principles, and for fecuring to both countries thofe commercial advantages to an equal enjoyment of which they are in future to be entitled.

Your majesty's fubjects in Ireland, being fecured in a full and lafting participation of the trade with the British colonies, muft, we are perfuaded, acknowledge the justice of their continuing to enjoy it on the fame terms with your majefty's fubjects in Great Britain.

And it is, we conceive, equally manifeft, that as the ships and mariners of Ireland are to continue in all time to come to enjoy the fame privileges with thofe of Great Britain, the fame provifion fhould be adopted in Ireland as may be found neceffary in this country, for fecuring those advantages exclufively to the fubjects of the empire. This object is effentially connected with the maritime ftrength of your majefty's dominions, and confequently with the fafety and prosperity both of Great Britain and Ireland.

We therefore deem it indifpenfable, that these points fhould be fecured as conditions neceffary to the existence and duration of the agreement between the two countries; they can only be carried into effect by laws to be paffed in the parliament of Ireland; which is alone competent to bind your majefty's fubjects in that kingdom, and whofe legislative rights we shall ever hold as facred as our own.

It remains for the parliament of Ireland to judge, according to their wif

dom