ployed by Agricola in his wars in Britain. (Tacit. Agric. Xxxvi.) In some inscriptions they are called friends and brothers of the Roman people,' or of the Roman emperors.' The date of one of these inscriptions is determined by the name of the Emperor Aurelius. (Gruter. lxxi.)

In the latter part of the third century, during the civil war which desolated the empire, the Salian Franks invaded the country of the Batavi, and established themselves in it. They armed pirate vessels, which were encountered and defeated at sea by Carausius. Constantius and Constantine waged war against the Franks of the Batavian island, but could not drive them out of it. The Franks lost it, however, under Julian, by an irruption of Frisians, who came from the northern country near the Zuiderzee, and drove the Salian Franks beyond the Maas. After this the Insula Batavorum formed part of the country called Fresia, which, in the time of the Merovingians, extended southward as far as the Scheldt. Under Charlemagne it formed a duchy bearing allegiance to the empire, Ducatus Fresiæ usque ad Mosam. It afterwards became divided into Western Frisia, called Fresia Hæreditaria, which was subject to hereditary counts; and Eastern Frisia, or Fresia Libera, which remained independent. The Yssel formed the division between the two. About the eleventh century we first find Western Frisia called by the name of Holland, some say from hohl land, a low hollow land,' and its counts took the name of Counts of Holland. The country of the antient Batavi formed the southern part of their dominions; but the islands at the mouth of the Maas, and between it and the Schelde, were the subject of frequent contentions and wars between them and the Counts of Flanders. (D'Anville, Etats formés en Europe après la Chûte de l'Empire Romain; Meyer, Res Flandrica.) Although the name Batavi has fallen into disuse, it has always been employed by modern authors writing in Latin to signify the Dutch or Hollanders generally, BATAVIA, one of the districts, or residences, of the island of Java. It is bounded on the north by the Java Sea, on the west by the regency of Bantam, from which it is divided by the river Tjikandé, on the south by the residence of Buitenzorg, and on the east by the river Tjitarum, which forms the western boundary of the district of Crawang. The dimensions of the district of Batavia are about twenty-four leagues from east to west, and about six and a half leagues from north to south, the capital being situated nearly in the middle of the northern boundary.

The district of Batavia is divided politically into four departments, one of which consists of the city and its suburbs. Near to the sea-shore the country is flat, but rises with a gentle acclivity towards the south to the mountain range, which intersects the island from the western to the eastern extremity. This district is well watered. The river Jaccatra, which joins the sea at the town of Batavia, dividing it into nearly equal parts, has a bank or bar at its mouth which prevents the entrance of any but the smallest boats. This disadvantage generally attends all the rivers on the north coast of Java, which, as they have their sources on the north side of the mountain-range, and flow in a pretty direct line to the sea, are not of great length. They serve, however, together with numerous rivulets, to irrigate the lands, and this is of the greater benefit, as one of the chief productions of the district is rice. There are many sugar plantations in the district of Batavia, and their number has been very greatly increased of late years since the island was restored to the Dutch. This species of cultivation has been encouraged by the local government, as affording the means of remitting to the parent state the surplus revenue of the colony. Cotton, pepper, and coffee (the last to a considerable extent), are likewise produced in this district. The population, according to the census taken in 1821, was 182,654. Stavorinus's Voyages; Count Hogendorp's Coup d' Eil sur l'Ile de Java, &c., 1830.)

BATA'VIA is a city on the north coast of Java, situated at the bottom of an extensive bay, about 60 miles E.S.E. of the Straits of Sunda. It was formerly a native village called Jacatra, and though probably visited by the Portuguese, they did not form any commercial settlement here. The English and Dutch had factories, the former of which was established in 1618, and the latter in 1612; but the Dutch, having conquered the country, founded the present town under the name of Batavia, and removed the government from Bantam in 1619. It finally became the capital of their East Indian empire, and the residence of the governor-general; and the English, having taken part with the natives in

opposing the Dutch, retired from the place. Being called in to aid various parties in their civil wars, the Dutch obtained still more power on the island, but they did not enjoy undisturbed possession for several years, and were frequently attacked by the natives. The town rose rapidly to importance, and became the emporium of all the produce of India, China, and Japan, as no ship was allowed to proceed direct to Holland without first touching at this port, except the coffee ships from Mocha. It remained uninterruptedly in the hands of the Dutch till 1811, when Holland having become a province of the French empire, Batavia fell into the hands of the French, from whom it was taken by the English, and by the treaty of 1815 was restored to the Dutch, who returned to the government in the following year.

Batavia is an important place, from its excellent bay and its advantageous position for European commerce. It stands at the mouth of the river Jacatra, in the midst of swamps and marshes, surrounded by trees and jungle, which prevent the exhalations from being carried off by a free circulation of the air, and render the town peculiarly obnoxious to marsh miasmata. Besides this, all the principal streets are traversed by canals, planted on each side with rows of trees, over which there are bridges at the end of almost every street. They have also booms, which are drawn across at sunset to prevent the passage of boats in and out. These canals are the common receptacles for all the filth of the town. In the dry season their stagnant and diminished waters emit a most intolerable stench, while in the wet season they overflow their banks, and leave a quantity of offensive slime. From these united causes it is not surprising that Batavia has been considered the most unhealthy spot in the world, and has been designated the storehouse of disease. According to Raynal, the number of sailors and soldiers alone who died in the hospitals averaged 1400 annually for sixty years, and the total amount of deaths in twenty-two years exceeded a million of souls; but this looks very like an exaggeration. During the French occupation, the walls of the town were removed by General Daendels with the view of admitting a freer circulation of air, and with the materials the cantonment of Weltevreeden was built, a short distance from the town inland.

The city is about three quarters of a mile in length, north and south, and about half a mile wide. It was enclosed by a wall of coral rock, with a stream of water on each side, within and without. There are now only three churches in the town, and one theatre: at the southern part is a large square where the stadthaus stands, in which the courts of law are held, and all public business transacted. The streets are generally at right angles to one another, and the houses mostly of brick stuccoed. They are well built, clean, and spacious, and their construction is suited to the country. The doors and windows are lofty, and the ground floors are covered with flags of marble, which are kept con stantly wet, and impart a coolness to the dwelling. Few Europeans, however, sleep within the town, as the night air is considered very baneful. The inhabitants (possibly as an antidote against the noxious effluvia arising from the swamps and canals) continually burn aromatic woods and resins, and scatter about a profusion of odoriferous flowers, of which there are great abundance and variety, During the prosperity of the Dutch East India Company. Batavia obtained the title of Queen of the East, as the resources of all other districts were sacrificed to its exclusive commerce; but its splendour has greatly decreased, owing chiefly to the increase of the British empire in India. Whole streets also have been pulled down in consequence of the European settlers removing their residences from the town to the high grounds in the neighbourhood.

In the north-east quarter of the town is the citadel, a large square inclosure with a bastion at each angle, but without any outworks; within the citadel are residences for the Governor General and chief officers, with warehouses for the most valuable of the Company's goods in case of danger. In addition to these defences there are several small batteries and redoubts in and around the town, besides fortified houses, so placed as to command the navigation of the principal canals. Most of these works are merely for the purpose of keeping the natives in awe, and are ill-calculated to withstand an invading army, as was proved in 1811. But if the fortifications of Batavia are not formidable in themselves, they become so from their situation among swamps and morasses, where, by the destruction of a few roads that cross them to the town, the approach of heavy

of Queen-square, the Crescent, and Circus, were built about the middle of the last century, from designs of the two Woods. The last forty years have hardly produced a building of any architectural value, though the materials for building are cheap, and the stone is worked with great ease. The architecture of the later buildings is generally of a bald character.

The city is governed by a corporation, under charters granted by Queen Elizabeth, Sept. 4, 1590, and by George III., 1794. The first of these charters directs that the corporation shall consist of a mayor, aldermen, not exceeding in number ten, nor fewer than four, and a common council of twenty members. There are also a recorder, town-clerk, and two sergeants-at-mace. The local court of record has cognizance of all personal actions whatsoever arising within the city and its suburbs or precincts, without restriction as to the amount of the sum in dispute. The non-residence, however, of the recorder, the legal adviser of the magistrates and one of the presiding judges; the attorneys of the court being the two sergeants-at-mace and unprofessional persons; and the ease with which a cause may be removed to any of the superior courts, by writ of certiorari or habeas corpus, destroy all its advantages. A court-leet, and court of quarter-sessions are also held by the magistrates, who, though without power to try persons charged with felonies under the charter of the city, are perhaps enabled to try them under the 4 and 5 Will. IV. | c. 27, sec. 3. By the charter of 1794, eleven instead of two members of the corporation are empowered to act as justices of the peace within the city. The members of the corporation, though self-elected, must be chosen from the freemen; and as the freemen by purchase were considered to have a claim to be elected before the freemen by servitude, the price of the freedom, shortly before the Reform Act passed, was 250l. The property of the body is very extensive, including lands and houses in the best part of the city; all the hot-springs but one; nearly all the cold-springs which supply the town with water; and the tolls of the market; altogether producing, in 1832, a rental of more than 12,000l. per annum. In 1832 the public debt of the corporation amounted to 55,8637.

The charter boundaries of the city include part of the parishes of Walcot and Bathwick, and the parishes of St. Peter and St. Paul, St. James, and St. Michael. The parliamentary boundaries of the city, under the Boundary Act, include, in addition, the remaining parts of the parishes of Walcot and Bathwick, and the parish of Lyncombe and Widcombe. The new limits comprised, in 1831, a population of 50,800 persons (21,035 males and 29,765 females), charged with assessed taxes to the amount of 62,000l. a-year; 3310 acres of ground, and above 7000 houses, more than 5000 of which were taxed at the annual value of 10%. The power of electing the parliamentary representatives of the city was formerly in the corporation only. Under the Reform Act, the number of registered electors, in each of the last three years, has been about 2800. The inhabitants of Bath are exempt from serving on the juries of the county. A community of Religious existed here from the earliest ages of Christianity in Britain, who had their house near to the springs and baths. The constitution of the society underwent several changes, and at last the house and all its possessions, which were extensive and valuable, were surrendered to the crown by William Holloway, the last prior, June 29, 1539. What is now called the Abbey Church was the church of this community, and was connected, on the south side, with the conventual dwellings. An older church having fallen into decay, the building of the present edifice was begun by Bishop Oliver King, in the reign of Henry VII., at the time of whose death it was unfinished, and continued to be so when the priory was dissolved. After having been in a dilapidated state for many years, its repair was undertaken by Chapman, in 1572, continued by the munificence of Thomas Bellot, steward of the household of Queen Elizabeth, and was nearly completed by Bishop Montague, about the year 1609. This edifice is of the shape of a cross, with a very handsome tower rising from the centre. Its length from east to west is 210 feet, and from north to south 126. The west front is decorated with numerous figures, now much impaired by time, intended to represent Jacob's dream. The east window is remarkable for being square, and was until very lately appropriately supported by two square towers, which have been converted into ill-designed octagonal pinnacles. The building itself

is an example of the pointed style at the latest period in which it prevailed, and was completed with great simplicity and taste. In 1834 its whole design and character were materially changed, and its most peculiar features destroyed. The interior is entirely disfigured by the multitude of monuments with which it is covered. It is the parish church of the parish of St. Peter and St. Paul.

The ecclesiastical division of Bath is into the parishes already named, each of which has its parochial church. There are also the following chapels connected with the Established Church:-Queen Square, Margaret's, All Saints, Kensington, Octagon, Laura, St. Mark, Trinity, St. Saviour, Christ Church, Magdalen's, St. John's Hospital. Records also exist of eleven chapels which have been destroyed. The Independents, Quakers, Moravians, Methodists, Unitarians, Roman Catholics, Jews, and Baptists, have all places of worship in the city, the majority of which are large and handsome buildings.

There are charitable institutions in this city of antient and modern date of every kind. The oldest is the hospital of St. John, founded in 1180 by Reginald Fitzjocelyne, as it is said, for the benefit of the sick poor resorting to Bath. The beneficiaries now are a master, six brethren, and six sisters. The patronage of the mastership was granted by Queen Elizabeth to the corporation of Bath. Its endowments are large, and the annual value of its property in 1818, chiefly leased on lives, in consideration of fines, was 11,3957. The master receives two-thirds of the fines and income, and the brethren and sisters the remainder. The chief establishment, however, for the sick poor is called the General Hospital. It was opened in 1748, and is regulated by act of parliament. No patient can be admitted unless his case has been certified as proper for the trial of the hot waters, previous to his coming to Bath, and no inhabitant of Bath is admitted into it. This last regulation, though wisely framed, is to some extent evaded by the admission of persons dwelling in the suburbs, but beyond the charter limits of the city. The charity is well endowed, and its records have had the character of having been kept with great care, fidelity, and exactness. There is also another large hospital called the United General Hospital, or Casualty and Dispensary, which affords to the sick poor of the city the advantages of the use of the hot waters, and gives assistance in cases of ordinary illness and casualty. It is well governed, and the whole of its arrangements are good. There is a small collection of books in the vestry of the abbey church and some antient MSS. In the year 1826 a literary and scientific institution was founded, comprising, partly by purchase and partly by benefactions, an extensive and well-selected library of reference both in science and literature. The institution also contains a small museum and laboratory, with rooms for the delivery of lectures. There is also a Mechanics' Institute, which has a tolerable collection of books, and which has been almost entirely supported for some years by the class for whose use it was designed.

The chief institution for instruction is the free grammarschool, founded by Edward VI., and endowed with part of the lands of the dissolved priory of Bath. It was designed for the gratuitous instruction of the children of the inhabitants of the town without distinction. The school-house is a large and handsome building with spacious premises. The schoolmaster may be a layman; but if in holy orders, must be presented to the rectory of Charlcombe, the value of which was, in 1834, about 300l. a-year. His salary, as master, is 847. a-year; but as the school is well attended, and only ten free scholars are admitted, the value of the office is much increased by the payments of day-scholars and boarders. The lands of the school are very badly let, producing, in 1834, a rent of only 3767. a-year, though their annual value, in 1822, was about 12387. There are several other schools which afford the elements of education, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, supported chiefly by voluntary subscriptions.

The ever memorable' John Hales, of Eton, was born in St. James's parish, and Benjamin Robins, said to have been the actual writer of Anson's Voyage round the World, was a native of this city, which also claims Adelardus de Bathonia, who passed some time in the east during the reign of Henry I., and brought to England, among some Arabic MSS., a translation of Euclid, being the first copy of the work known in this country.

The gaieties of Bath are celebrated, but have much de

clined during the last twenty years. The Assembly Rooms are a handsome suite, the ball-room being nearly 106 by nearly 43 feet, and 42 feet 6 inches high, and the tea-room 70 by 27 feet: they were erected by Wood. The theatre is probably one of the best of its size in England; for it Mr. Palmer obtained the first act of parliament passed in this country for the security of theatrical property. It is justly remarked by Seneca, Ubicunque scatebunt aquarum calentium venæ, ibi nova diversoria luxuriæ excitabuntur:' ' wherever warm springs abound, new places of amusement are sure to arise up.'

There is no manufacture of importance in this city. It was formerly celebrated for its cloth, and at the Restoration no less than sixty broad looms were employed in the parish of St. Michael's. The paper-mills in the neighbourhood are of some note, and paid, in 1832, to the excise 10,5757. The city is well-supplied with coal from extensive beds lying a few miles distant. The river Avon was made navigable to Bristol under an act of the 10th Anne, and there is a water-communication with London by the Kennet and Avon Canal, which joins the Thames at Reading.

The remarkable peculiarity of Bath is its natural hot springs. They are four in number, and rise near the centre of the city; and, with the exception of a spring belonging to Lord Manvers, are vested in the corporation. The temperature of three of the springs is as follows:-Hot Bath 117°, King's Bath 114°, and Cross Bath 109° of Fahrenheit, yielding respectively 128, 20, and 12 gallons a minute. The specific gravity of the water is 1002. As it flows from the earth it is transparent, but in a short time yields a slight precipitate and loses its transparency. When fresh drawn it has a slight chalybeate taste. The King's Bath is 60 feet 11 inches in length, and 40 feet in breadth, and the Queen's Bath, a square of 25 feet, is supplied from it. The daily quantity of water discharged into these basins is 184,320 gallons. There are private baths attached to the Hot and the King's Bath, admirably arranged and constructed, and capable of having their temperature regulated. Bathing is far from being a practice among the inhabitants. The public baths are not much frequented, and the private baths, though they occasion few charges for their support, but that of linen and attendance, are expensive. The encouragement of their general use, and the effect of low prices, as connected with the advancement of local interests, are not yet understood. The baths yielded to the corporation, in 1831, a rent of 1442/., and the pumproom a rent of 4167. a-year. The waters have been very accurately analyzed by Drs. Falconer and Gibbes, and by Mr. R. Phillips. According to the last of these writers, whose experiments were very carefully made, a quart of water taken from the hot springs contains

30

The earliest work on the hot springs is by W. Turner, dated 1562. The writer, a divine and doctor of medicine, and the first English writer on natural history, was born at Morpeth, and was imprisoned for preaching the doctrines of the Reformation. Obtaining his liberty, he went abroad, where he continued during the greater part of the reign of Henry VIII. On his return he was preferred, and received from Edward VI. the deanery of Wells. Other treatises have been written by Venner, 1617; Guidott, 1691, 1708; Pierce, 1697; Oliver, 1716; Cheyne, 1725; Wynter, 1728; Quinton, 1734; Kinnier, 1737; Randolph, 1752; Charleton, 1754; Lucas, 1756; Steven, 1758; Sutherland, 1763; Falconer, 1770, 1789; Gibbes, 1800; Wilkinson; Phillips, 1806; Daubeny, 1834.

(See Collinson's History of Somersetshire, vol. i.; Warner's History of Bath; Lysons's Reliquiæ Romanæ ; Wood's Essay towards a Description of Bath, 1742, 1749, 1760; Charity Commissioners' Reports; 'On the Climate of Bath, Bath Magazine, vol. iii. p. 289; On the Oolitic District of Bath, by Lonsdale; Transactions of the Geological Society, vol. iii. p. 241; Municipal Corporation Inquiry, 1833; Turner's History of England, 8vo. vol. iv. p. 438; MS. Communication from Bath.)

BATH, a town in Lincoln county, state of Maine, in the United States of North America, situated in 43° 54′ N. lat., and 69° 47′ W. long. This town is built on the west side of the river Kennebec, at the head of the ship-navigation on that river, and sixteen miles from the sea. It is distant thirtyfive miles north-east from Portland, which town was, until 1832, the seat of government in the state. With the exception of Portland, Bath has more shipping belonging to its port than any other town in Maine; the amount of registered and licensed tonnage in 1831 was 26,237 tons: the population, according to the census of 1830, was 3773.

BATH, KNIGHTS OF THE, so called from the antient custom of bathing previous to their installation. The origin of this order of knighthood has been described as of very remote antiquity; but as Camden and Selden agree that the first mention of an order of knights, distinctly called Knights of the Bath, is at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1399, there can be little doubt that this order was then instituted. That bathing had been a part of the discipline submitted to by esquires in order to obtain the honour of knighthood from very early times, is admitted; but it does not appear that any knights were called Knights of the Bath till these were created by King Henry IV.

Froissart (see Lord Berners's Translat. edit. 1812, vol. ii. p. 752), speaking of that king, says, 'The Saturday before his coronation he departed from Westminster, and rode to the Tower of London with a great number; and that night all such esquires as should be made knights the next day, watched, who were to the number of forty-six. Every esquire had his own bayne (bath) by himself; and the next day the Duke of Lancaster made them all knights at the mass-time. Then had they long coats with strait sleeves, furred with mynever like prelates, with white laces hanging on their shoulders.'

It became subsequently the practice of the English kings to create Knights of the Bath previous to their coronation, at the inauguration of a Prince of Wales, at the celebration of their own nuptials or those of any of the royal family, and occasionally upon other great occasions or solemnities. Fabyan (Chron. edit. 1811, p. 582) says that Henry V., in

A considerable quantity of carbonic acid gas escapes through the water.

Taken internally the water acts as a stimulant. Its use is most successful in cases of palsy, rheumatism, gout, leprosy, cutaneous disease, and especially in cases of scrofula affecting the joints, such as the knee, elbow, hip. It cannot be used without danger in cases accompanied with fever, cough, or pain in the chest, open sores or ulcers, or in cases where there is reason to suspect internal suppuration, hemorrhage, rupture, mania, or plethora. From its improper internal use mischievous results are frequently produced,

Knights of the Bath.

Sixty-eight Knights of the Bath were made at the coronation of King Charles II. (see the list in Guilfim's Heraldry, fol. Lond. 1679, p. 107); but from that time the order was discontinued, till it was revived by King George I. under writ of Privy Seal, dated May 18, 1725, during the administration of Sir Robert Walpole. The statutes and ordinances of the order bear date May 23, 1725. By these it was directed that the order should consist of a grandmaster and thirty-six companions, a succession of whom was to be regularly continued. The officers appropriated to the order, besides the grand-master, were a dean, register, king of arms, genealogist, secretary, usher, and messenger. The dean of the collegiate church of St. Peter, Westminster, for the time being, was appointed ex officio dean of the Order of the Bath, and it was directed that the other officers should be from time to time appointed by the grand-master.

The badge of the order was directed to be a rose, thistle, and shamrock, issuing from a sceptre between three imperial crowns, surrounded by the motto Tria juncta in uno ;

The installation dress was ordered to be a surcoat of white satin, a mantle of crimson satin lined with white, tied at the neck with a cordon of crimson silk and gold, with gold tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on the left shoulder; a white silk hat, adorned with a standing plume of white ostrich feathers; white leather boots, edged and heeled; spurs of crimson and gold; and a sword in a white leather scabbard, with cross hilts of gold.

Each knight was to be allowed three esquires, who are to be gentlemen of blood, bearing coat-armour; and who, during the term of their several lives, are entitled to all the privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the sovereign's body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber. In 1815, the Prince Regent, being desirous to commemorate the auspicious termination of the long and arduous contests in which the empire had been engaged, and of marking, in an especial manner, his sense of the valour, perseverance, and devotion manifested by the officers of the king's forces by sea and land, thought fit to advance the splendour and extend the limits of the Order of the Bath: upon which occasion his Royal Highness, by virtue of the royal prerogative, was pleased to ordain that thenceforward the order should be composed of three classes, differing in their ranks and degrees of dignity.

The first class to consist of knights grand crosses, which designation was to be substituted for that of knights companions previously used. The knights grand crosses, with the exception of princes of the blood-royal holding high commissions in the army and navy, not to exceed seventytwo in number; whereof a number not exceeding twelve might be nominated in consideration of services rendered in civil or diplomatic employments. To distinguish the military and naval officers upon whom the first class of the said order was then newly conferred, it was directed that they should bear upon the ensign or star, and likewise upon the badge of the order, the addition of a wreath of laurel encircling the motto, and issuing from an escrol inscribed Ich dien; and the dignity of the first class to be at no time conferred upon persons who had not attained the rank of major-general in the army, or rear-admiral in the navy.

The second class was to be composed of knights commanders, who were to have precedence of all knights bachelors of the United Kingdom: the number, in the first instance, not to exceed one hundred and eighty, exclusive of foreign officers holding British commissions, of whom a number not exceeding ten may be admitted into the second class as honorary knights commanders; but in the event of actions of signal distinction, or of future wars, the number of knights commanders may be increased. No person to be eligible as a knight commander who does not, at the time of his nomination, hold a commission in his Majesty's army or navy; such commission not being below the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army, or of post-captain in the navy. By a subsequent regulation in 1815 no person is now eligible to the class of K.C.B. unless he have attained the rank of major-general in the army or rearadmiral in the navy. Each knight commander to wear his appropriate badge or cognizance, pendent by a red riband round the neck, and his appropriate star, embroidered on the left side of his upper vestment. For the greater honour of this class, it was further ordained that no officer of his Majesty's army or navy was thenceforward to be nominated to the dignity of a knight grand cross who had not been appointed previously a knight commander of the order.

The third class to be composed of officers holding commissions in his Majesty's service by sea or land, who shall be styled companions of the said order; not to be entitled to the appellation, style, or precedence of knights bachelors, but to take precedence and place of all esquires of the United Kingdom. No officer to be nominated a companion of the order unless he shall previously have received a medal or other badge of honour, or shall have been specially men

The bulletin announcing the re-modelling of the Order of the Bath was dated Whitehall, January 2, 1815. By another bulletin, dated Whitehall, January 6, 1815, the Prince Regent, acting in the name and on behalf of his Majesty, having taken into consideration the eminent services which had been rendered to the empire by the officers in the service of the Honourable East India Company, ordained that fifteen of the most distinguished offijesty not below that of lieutenant-colonel, might be raised to the dignity of knights commanders of the Bath, exclusive of the number of knights commanders belonging to his Majesty's forces by sea and land who had been nominated by the ordinance of January 2. In the event of future wars, and of actions of signal distinction, the said number of fifteen to be increased. His Royal Highness further ordained that certain other officers of the same service, holding his Majesty's commission, might be appointed companions of the Order of the Bath, in consideration of eminent services rendered in action with the enemy; and that the said officers should enjoy all the rights, privileges, and immunities secured to the third class of the said order.

(See Observations introductory to an Historical Essay upon the Knighthood of the Bath, by John Anstis, Esq. 4to. Lond. 1725; Selden's Titles of Honour, fol. Lond. 1672, pp. 678, 679; Camden's Britannia, fol. Lond. 1637, p. 172; Sandford's Genealog. Hist. fol. 1707, pp. 267, 431, 501, 562, 578; J. C. Dithmari, Commentatio de Honoratissimo Ordine de Balneo, fol. Franc. ad Viad. 1729; Mrs. S. S. Banks's Collections on the Order of the Bath, MSS. Brit. Mus.; Statutes of the Order of the Bath, 4to. Lond. 1725, repr. with additions in 1812; Bulletins of the Campaign 1815, pp. 1-18.)

BATH, a place for the purpose of washing the body, either with hot, warm, or cold water: the word is derived from the Saxon bad. The Greek name is balaneion (Bada viov), of which the Roman balineum, or balneum, is only a slight variation: the elements bal and bad in the Greek and English words are evidently related. The public baths of the Romans were generally called Thermæ, which literally means 'warm waters.'

The bath was also in common use among the Greeks, though we are not well acquainted with the construction and economy of their bathing-places. At Athens there were both private and public baths: the public baths appear to have been the property of individuals, who kept them for their own profit or let them to others. (See Isæus, On the Inheritance of Dicæogenes, cap. vi.; ditto of Philoctemon, cap. vi.) Lucian, in his Hippias (vol. iii. ed. Hemsterh.), has given a description of a magnificent bath. Though he does not tell us whether it was built in the Roman or the Greek style, we may safely conclude that he is speaking of a bath in a Greek city. His description is not precise enough to render it certain that this bath in its details agrees with those of Rome and Pompeii; but the general design and arrangement appear to be nearly the same.

We learn from Seneca that the Roman baths were very simple, even mean and dark, in the time of Scipio Africanus; and it was not until the age of Agrippa, and the emperors after Augustus, that they were built and finished in a style of luxury almost incredible. Seneca (Epist. lxxxvi.), who inveighs against this luxury, observes that a person was held to be poor and sordid whose baths did not shine with a profusion of the most precious materials, the marbles of Egypt inlaid with those of Numidia; unless the walls were laboriously stuccoed in imitation of painting; unless the chambers were covered with glass, the basins with the rare Thasian stone, and the water conveyed through silver pipes. These it appears were the luxuries of plebeian baths. Those of freedmen had a profusion of statues, a number of columns supporting nothing, placed as an ornament merely on account of the expense: the water murmuring down steps, and the floor of precious stones.* (Sen. Epist. lxxxvi.) These baths of which Seneca speaks were private baths.

Ammianus Marcellinus reckons sixteen public baths in Rome. The chief were those of Agrippa, Nero, Titus, Domitian, Antoninus Caracalla, and Diocletian. These edifices, differing, of course, in magnitude and splendour, and in the details of the arrangement, were all constructed on a common plan. They stood among extensive gardens and walks, and were often surrounded by a portico. The