the whole of our social order in England springs from organizations of this sort. First of all let me refer you to a book which I can only name, because I heard the clock just now, and though I was kindly told that I might have a large margin, for very shame I should not venture to go up to the frontier that was assigned to me. Therefore all that I can do will be to refer to a book by Brentano, a Bavarian writer, on the history of craft-guilds, tracing them down to present associations of trades of various kinds; and I confess that book took out of my mind entirely the erroneous conception which in some degree I had formed, that such associations have anything about them which is not perfectly innocuous if they are rightly conducted.

Only let us remember this one fact. All the great mercantile cities of England are little more than the aggregation of these guilds. In Norwich there were twelve; and that was when as yet Leeds was nothing. In King's Lynn there were twelve; in Bishop's Lynn there were nine; in Cologne there were eighty; in Lubeck there were seventy; in Hamburg there were one hundred; in London there were seventy; and, as I think I can show, London itself is the greatest example of an aggregation of craft-guilds, for, as Brentano says, "The oldest reliable and detailed accounts which we have of guilds come from England. They consist of free guild statutes. The drawing up of these statutes took place in England in the beginning of the eleventh century. In the case of one of these guilds there is no doubt whatever as to the accuracy of this date. This guild was founded and richly endowed by Orcy, a friend of Canute the Great, at Abbotsbury." ("Brentano on Guilds," p. i. Trübner, 1870.) He says again: "The forbiddance of guilds in the Frankish Empire, for abroad they were not well regarded, could only be justified from certain motives relating to their mode of being conducted; but from England we hear nothing whatever of any evil in these guilds." (Id., p. 15.) It appears that Englishmen at all times knew better than continentals how to maintain their right of free and independent action, and their government seems to have known, even at that time, how to make use in an excellent manner, and in the interest of public order, of organizations freely created by the people. At Canterbury a guild, following the same ends, stood at that time at the head of the city, whilst two others existed by the side of it. There are also accounts of a "Guildhall" at Dover, from which a craft-guild may be inferred; and charters of a somewhat later time frequently mention many other guilds besides these as having been long in existence. The organization of the guilds was thus, in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, not only completed, but probably already widely extended amongst the Anglo-Saxons, who even recognized all their ordinances, or at least permitted them, in legislation. The guilds enjoyed already such authority in England that their agreements bound even non-members, and town constitutions were already developing themselves from them. I may say, in passing, that York at that time had three and Beverly had four. As an example of what they were, here is a curious extract from the guild of Killingham, in Lincolnshire: "If a brother or a sister is unlucky enough to lose a beast worth half a merk, every brother and every sister shall give a halfpenny towards getting another beast. If the house of

any brother or sister is burned by mishap, every brother and every sister shall give a halfpenny towards a new house.' ("Toulmin Smith on English Guilds," p. 185.) Brentano then goes on, but I must not venture to give you all the matter which I have before me. He says that a much higher degree of development comes in with the amalgamated guilds. These amalgamated guilds had each grown up distinctly and separately; then they were amalgamated together. "The fact of London preceding other places in this development presents no difficulty, since England must be regarded as the birthplace of guilds, and London, perhaps, as their cradle. At least there is documentary evidence that the constitution of the city was based upon a guild, and it served as a model for other English towns.

According to the Judicia Civitatis Londonia of the time of King Athelstane, the Frith guilds of London united to form one guild that they might carry out their aims more vigorously. This London guild governed the town, as is proved by the fact that their regulations bound even non-members. The occasion of this union was, perhaps, that here, as afterwards in other places, other guilds had gradually been formed at the side of the original old guild, and the rivalries between the old and the new prejudiced the objects of the guilds - the protection of freedom and of right." Brentano shows that "a similar union took place three centuries later at Berwick-on-Tweed in the year 1283-84. The townsmen of Berwick agreed upon the statute of a single united guild, that where many bodies are found side by side in one place, they may become one and have one weal, and in dealings of one with another have a strong and hearty love." ("Brentano," p. 35.) Now London at this moment has, I think, some seventy-three or seventy-four liveries or companies, which are strictly the old traditional guilds surviving to this day. The Lord Mayor of London invites them to a great banquet once a year, and they are solemnly introduced to him with all the ceremonies of the city of London, as representing the original guilds.

From this it would seem to me to follow that the protection of labor and of industry has at all times been a recognized right of those who possess the same craft; that they have united together; that those unions have been recognized by the legislature; that whether they be employers or employed; whether they possess the dead capital or the live capital-the dead money or the live money-all have the same rights. And I do not see, I confess, why all men should not organize themselves together so long as they are truly and honestly submissive to one higher and chief, who is superior over us all the supreme reign of law which has governed, at all times, the people of England. There is a passage of great interest quoted in this same book. I verified it, lest there should be any inaccuracy on the part of a foreign writer, and I found it entirely correct. At a time in the early part, I think, of this century, or at the close of the last, when there was great suffering at Nottingham, when the stocking weavers were under severe depression, and there were very painful and hostile conflicts between the employed and the employer, Mr. Pitt said in the House of Commons: "The time will come when manufactures will have been so long established, and the operatives not having any other business to flee to, that it will be in

the power of any one man in a town to reduce the wages; and all the other manufacturers must follow. Then, when you are goaded with reductions and willing to flee your country, France and America will receive you with open arms; and then farewell to our commercial state. If ever it does arrive to this pitch, parliament (if it be not then sitting) ought to be called together, and if it cannot redress your grievances, its power is at an end. Tell me not that parliament cannot; it is omnipotent to protect." (Pitt's Speech on the Arbitration Act, quoted in vol. 23, p. 1091. Hansard.) I think it remarkable that Mr. Pitt at that day should have foreseen the questions which are before us at this moment; but it is not remarkable that he should have had the statesmanlike prudence of seeing that the remedy lies in the supreme control and protection of the law. HENRY EDWARD, Card. Archbishop.

Part III. next month.

The New Life-Line Rocket.

ROCKETS have been employed by various nations for throwing lines to wrecked vessels for many years, and are still employed in the Russian, German, and English services to the exclusion of other appliances. In the United States service a mortar is used, which is far more accurate and obtains greater range than any of the appliances in use elsewhere.

But a new invention has been recently tested by various departments of the government service called the Cunningham Line-Carrying Rocket, with results far exceeding in range anything ever before attained in the history of life-projecting missiles.

Patrick Cunningham, of New Bedford, who invented the bomb-lance harpoon for whale killing, which is now used the world over by whalers, has perfected a rocket for carrying its own line that not only attains a tremendous range, but greater accuracy than any known projectile of the rocket kind.

Various experiments with rockets of foreign manufacture by Lieut. Lyle, U. S. A., at Sandy Hook in 1880, resulted in ranges of from 350 to 540 yards. The Lyle gun has a record of 694 yards, No. 4 line.

At various trials of the Cunningham rocket before the Life Saving and other departments of the government service, ranges of 600 to 750 yards have been attained with the No. 7 or large line, and from 1,000 to 1,200 yards with the smaller line, No. 4; the lines being the same as those now in use by the Service.

In any of these trials no line has ever parted or been burned off by the action of the rocket, and no explosion or blowing out of the rocket head has occurred. These defects are common with the rockets of foreign manufacture.

Tests were made before the Board of Steam Vessel Inspectors, several members of Congress, naval and military officers, superintendents of Revenue, Marine and Bureau of Navigation and representatives

from the Life Saving Service at the Arsenal Grounds in Washington, Dec. 31, over the firing range.

On this occasion ranges of from six hundred to one thousand yards were obtained with various sized lines. This exhibition was especially designed to illustrate the value of these rockets when carried on board vessels for their own salvation in case of wreck. In such cases the firing is always with the wind and the whole shore is the target; accuracy is a secondary consideration. There is no possibility of failure to land a line under these circumstances. In some recent cases many lives could have been saved by such means. In the case of the Knickerbocker and Cranmer, rockets could have been fired from the steamers' deck across the Cranmer and a hawser passed. The vessel and crew could have been saved, and there would have been no need for that noble-hearted crew to sacrifice themselves in a futile attempt to outride the hurricane of seas. In the recent disaster on the Virginia coast, when twenty-seven lives were lost, a line might have been shot ashore in a few seconds, while six attempts to reach the wreck by shots from shore with the mortar were futile.

All who witnessed the tests of this rocket fully concurred in the statement made by an official present: "On shipboard they are invaluable, and their tremendous range makes them a necessary adjunct to the Life-Saving Service."

The idea of carrying by means of a rocket tail tube is not only adaptable to the throwing of life-lines, but furnishes a new and useful element in mechanical science as well as a powerful weapon when so desired. In place of the life-saving line, life-destroying elements and explosives may be carried and discharged by percussion; and the fact that one man can carry anywhere a fully equipped rocket and firing stand and discharge twenty pounds of dynamite from two-thirds of a mile to a mile in range, makes it a horribly effective weapon and one man a small army.

In projecting cables for suspension and other bridge construction, pontooning during war campaigns, stringing telegraph and other wires where the lines are straight, and for the rapid projection of lines to the tops of high buildings in cases of fire, the tremendous lifting and carrying power, the cheapness, portability, simplicity of operation and unusual accuracy of this rocket makes it indeed a valuable acquisition to the list of mechanical forces.

The development in range within a few months from 550 to 1,200 yards by improving and enlarging the rocket renders it certain,experts. generally admit the fact, that any desired range up to one mile or over may be readily attained.

Their durability is illustrated by the fact that the first one fired at the Navy Yard in April last had been loaded seven years, and the flight was as perfect as if loaded but the day before. This one had been at sea during an Arctic voyage and in all sorts of varying temperatures.

It is designed to make the cost so low that all vessels may afford to carry them, and then, with the longest range and most powerful sizes added to the present effective equipment of the life-saving stations, the loss of life on account of shore wrecks would seem to be well nigh impos sible.

MR. BROPHY was born in December, 1846, at Ballyleigh, in Ireland, and is one of a family originally consisting of eleven sons and two daughters. His father was tor some time in business, as a builder, in Dublin. Whilst very young Mr. Brophy went to live with his elder brother, Nicholas, who was then-and is now art master to the Government Schools of Art at Limerick; and from him Mr. Brophy received the foundation of his art education, and a very sound foundation it proved to be; for, in 1862, we find him gaining the third grade certificate. This, the highest given by the art department at Kensington, enables the holder to claim the government grant to the masters, for success in competition obtained by their students in the local school of art. The student passing an examination, or obtaining a prize, also gains for the master a sum of money, more or less, according to the importance of the success attained; a kind of payment by results. Nor was it only the theory of art which Mr. Brophy studied, he made himself also practically acquainted with his subjects. For example, in 1861, he spent a year in working in a joiner's shop, and on the buildings, studying construction. The following year he competed for and obtained the advanced mechanical certificate 6a (now a science certificate). This signal success was immediately followed by the award of a national scholarship, by means of which he came up to London, in 1863, to study furniture and general design for two years, in the South Kensington Museum, and was thus able to associate with the gifted men we have mentioned, besides making friendships which enables him even to the present day to keep touch with the highest ranks of artistic circles. the expiration of their scholarships Luke Fildes took up drawing on wood, working mostly for the Graphic, his work for which, culminated in his wonderfully fine drawing of "The Casuals" for that paper, causing him to be introduced to Charles Dickens, for whom he began to illustrate "Edwin Drood," Dickens' last work. Mr. Joseph Harris became master of Salisbury Art School, whilst the subject of our sketch accepted an appointment with Messrs. Trollope & Sons as head of the art department; thus stepping into a leading position at once.

At

Daily experience shows that it is energetic individualism which produces the most powerful effects, and Mr. Brophy has this quality in a great degree. For example, whilst employed at Messrs. Trollope & Sons, his active spirit incited him, still, to compete at South Kensington, and with such effect that, in 1867, he gained the gold medal for furniture design; whilst in 1869 he also acquired the honor of another gold medal for architectural design, certainly the highest honor of all, which may be said to have put the pinnacle upon his competitive work. "Still achieving, still pursuing," Mr. Brophy found time, in the midst of his daily duties and frequent competitions outside them, to invent a process of staining woods, the patent for which was purchased by his employers, and largely used by them in their extensive business. For this method of staining wood they caused to be invented the astounding name of "Xylotechnagraphy." This process, like many other things of an advanced character, caused considerable criticism at the time, and even drew some remarks from Mr. Ruskin and Mr. Burgess the architect.