vention of 1774, and to the first Congress, and the first who printed the Declaration of Independence. In 1775 he established a weekly paper by the title of Dunlap's Maryland Gazette, under the direction of James Hayes, who became its editor in 1778.” — Griffeth's Annals of Baltimore, 1824.

An Irish Colony.

"By this time (1737) an account of the great privileges granted by the crown for the encouragement of emigration to Carolina, had been published through Britain and Ireland, and many industrious people in different parts had resolved to take the benefit of the king's bounty. Multitudes of husbandmen and laborers in Ireland oppressed by landlords and bishops, and unable, by their utmost diligence to procure a comfortable subsistence for their families, embarked for Carolina."-Rise and Progress of Carolina and Georgia, by Alexander Henrett, London, 1779.

Irish Settlers in the Colony of New Haven.

"Some of the early planters of Milford purchased large tracts of land in other places. Richard Bryan bought land at Huntington, Long Island, N. Y. Three sons of Richard settled on this land also. Their descendants on Long Island are numerThomas Welsh left New Haven in 1702 and settled on Long Island."-Lambert's History of the Colony of New Haven.

ous.

First Settlers in Wilkesbarre.

"In May, 1772, there were only five white women in Wilkesbarre. Mrs. McClure, wife of James McClure, was the mother of the second white child born in Wilkesbarre." Miner's History of Wyoming.

The Plymouth Colony.

Bancroft, after describing the sufferings in New England during King Phillip's war, says :

"Let us not forget a good deed of the generous Irish; they sent over a contribution — small — it is true, to relieve in part the distresses of Plymouth Colony."

Irish-Americans.

"The Starks, Whipples, Sullivans and Thorntons had all Irish blood in their veins, and partook largely of the Irish character."— Carleton's New Hampshire Worthies.

The Kelleys of Massachusetts.

"One of the original settlers of Newbury, Mass., was John Kelley; he was of Irish descent. The only descendant of John Kelley, and bearing his name in Newbury or Newburyport, is Dr. Eldridge S. Kelley, though many descendants are found in New Hampshire and most of the New England and other states. Twenty-six persons of the name, are known to have graduated at the different colleges of the Union."- Coffins' History of Newbury.

Benefactors of America.

"One of the first offsprings of American Independence was Pennsylvania Col lege, and its first president was an Irishman, the celebrated Dr. Allison, the great master of many of the heroes of the Revolution. His pupil and countryman, Charles Thompson, won celebrity by his version of the Septuagint and his generous treatment of learning and learned men. An Irishman, Christopher Colles, was the principal projector of the canals of the United States, and the son of poor Irish parents, Robert Fulton, launched the first boat ever propelled by steam power.”—Irish Settlers in America.

The Depopulation of Ulster Feared.

"The assemblies appropriated large sums for bounties to such industrious poor people of Britain and Ireland as should resort to the province within three years and

settle on the inland parts. Two townships, each containing forty-eight thousand acres, were laid out,—one on the river Savanna, called Mecklenburg, and the others on the waters of Santee, at Long Caines, called Londonderry,- to be divided among emigrants, allowing one hundred acres for each man, and fifty for each woman and child that should come and settle in the backwoods. Several persons from England and Scotland resorted to Carolina after the peace. But of all other countries, none has furnished the province with so many inhabitants as Ireland. In the northern counties of that kingdom emigration seized the people to such a degree that it threatened almost a total depopulation. Such multitudes of husbandmen, laborers, and manufacturers flocked over the Atlantic that the landlords began to be alarmed, and to concert ways and means for preventing the growing evil. Scarce a ship sailed to any of the plantations that was not filled with men, women, and children."-History South Carolina, London, 1779.

The reader will perceive that in adducing these evidences of the early emigration of the Irish to the American colonies, that we have, with one or two exceptions, quoted from American and English historians. We could quote many others, but those we have given will, we think, convince the most sceptical Scotchman that the Irish in colonial times far outnumbered his countrymen. All the American historians assert that the Ulster emigrants were filled with a spirit of disloyalty towards the British government, and that this sentiment they diffused among the people. Many of their Irish names were similiar to those of their kindred in Scotland, and through ignorance the Scotch claim them as their own, forgetful that Ireland is the mother-country, and from her they got their names. The Routeleges, Gastons, Pickens Nelsons, etc., are claimed by them; but so clearly has Ramsay, Lossing, and other American writers demonstrated them Irish that we do not trouble ourselves to again refute the falsehood. The majority of the Scotch settled in the Carolinas, and when war broke out one of them, a Macdonald, raised the banner of King George, and called on his countrymen to rally round it. They did to the number of fifteen hundred, but were ignominiously defeated by Moore, at Moore's creek, South Carolina. The details will be found in "Lossing's Pictorial, Field Book of the Revolution." This Lossing, by the way, was a KnowNothing, wrote for the Harpers of New York, and not supposed to be over friendly towards the Irish.

The fact is that Scotch were loyal to the English crown. Very few entered the Revolutionary army. Stirling and Mercer were the only two who gained distinction there; they were both generals. The loyalty of the Scotch to England was so well known and deprecated by the men of the Revolution that, says Lossing-"In the original draft of the Declaration of Independence Jefferson denounces, in the clause beginning with the words, Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren' those who permit the sending over of SCOTCH and foreign mercenaries to invade and destroy the people. The word Scotch was struck out at the request of Dr. Witherspoon, of New Jersey, one of the signers and a native of Scotland. The majority of the Scotch and English in America were changelessly true to the King and Crown, and were called by the Revolutionists "Tories" and "Loyalists.' Speaking of these loyal settlers, Sabine, in his "History of the Loyalists in the American Revolution," says: "Regarding the Tories who opposed the rebels in the field, our writers of history have been almost

silent, and it is not impossible that some persons have read books devoted exclusively to the Revolution without considering that a part, and a considerable part, of the force employed to crush the 'rebellion was composed of our countrymen. From the best evidence I have been able to obtain, I conclude that there were, at the lowest computation, twenty-five thousand Americans who took up arms against their countrymen, and in aid of England. In fact, the addresses then presented by loyalists to his Majesty, informed him that quite as many, if not more, Americans had joined the army of King George, as had entered those raised by the rebel,' Congress!" We read of English and Scotch Tories, but the historians do not mention Irish Tories, therefore we conclude that those mentioned by Sabine were all English and Scotch.

The Scotch soldiers in the English service were shipped in regiments to America during the Revolution, and side by side with the Hessians fought against Washington and liberty, from Long Island to Yorktown. When levelling Fort Greene, in Brooklyn, the buttons of the Highlanders were unearthed, and more recently, while excavating on the Hudson opposite Fort Lee, on the site of Fort McGaw, hundreds of the Scotch soldiers' buttons were dug up. McGaw, an Irish-American, defended this fort in the Revolution against Hessians, Scotch and English, until he lost, in killed and wounded two thousand men and was himself captured. There were but few Irish soldiers in King George's army, but what few there were manfully refused to fight against the Americans. When England could get no more Hessians she called upon the Irish, but they did not respond. Their sympathies were with the Americans. Arthur Lee, among others, vouches for

this:

"The resources of the country, that is to say, England, are almost annihilated in Germany, and their last resource is to the Roman Catholics of Ireland; and they have already experienced their unwillingness to go: every man of a regiment raised there last year having obliged them to ship him off tied and bound. And most certainly the Irish Catholics will desert more than any other troops whatever.” —Arthur Lee's letter to Washington.

Had the Americans been defeated and the rebellion crushed, the brave Ulstermen who took part in it would not have been claimed by the Scotch, or "Anglo-Saxons," but on the contrary would have been repudiated by them. From the beginning of the struggle to its close the Irish were faithful, and without their aid, the Revolution would not have come to a successful issue. In this paper we have simply glanced at the Irish in America previous to the Revolution; in our next we shall state what the Irish did in that great struggle for human rights, and how faithfully they served Washington from Bunker Hill to Yorktown.

New York, June, 1887,

WILLIAM COLLINS.

A LITTLE girl was asked how it was that everybody loved her. "I do not know," said she, "unless it be that I love everybody."

T'WAS autumn and a cheerless day
In Erin's Isle beyond the sea,
When from afar an exile came,

His native home and land to see.

The sky above look'd dark and drear,
And all the landscape, green and gray,
While, one by one, the leaves fell off,

And, one by one, were borne away.

Great waves of shadows slowly crept
In solemn stillness, steadily
O'er vale and hill with equal speed,
O'er all the land and out to sea.

The jacksnipe, in his lofty flight,

In trembling tones neigh'd loud and shrill :

The scatter'd herds of diverse kinds, Brows'd here and there o'er vale and hill.

O'er many miles of land and sea,

He sped in haste 'mid hopes and fears, For eager were his eyes to see

The happy scenes of early years.

But when he came upon the hill

Where first he saw the light of day, Where many happy years he spent,

Where oft in childhood he did play;

"Alas!" thought he, "is this the place
From which I parted long ago,
So wild, so waste, so desolate?

Oh, no! it cannot be - yet 'tis so.

"An ash, a few hawthorns remain,
Some old landmarks, I still can see,
And in the distance, too, can hear
The loud, the far resounding sea.”

And as his eager eyes went round
Where humble peasants' homes had
been,

His heart sank low within his breast,
For lo! not one was to be seen.

He paused some time, and now and then,
In low and broken accents said:
"They call it fate — 'tis grasping greed
And crime, that to this end have led.

"And these are noble lords, forsooth,

Who cause such waste and misery, Who force the peasants from their homes, And call it law and equity.

"Alas, such times! that bring such woes, That crush the upright and sincere, That make of homes a desert place,

That wrought such desolation here.
"Where once were bright and cheerful
hearths,

With songs and tales and mirthful glee,
And where all join'd each day in pray'r,
The wild hare now can safely flee.
"They are gone for aye God speed

them,

We scarce shall see their like again, If e'er this place shall cease to be

A hunting ground, a waste domain." And sitting down he wiped the tears

That hung like dew-drops on his face, For, though no friendly voice remain'd, A charm still bound him to the place, Until the evening twilight came,

And all the landscape dimmer grew, When he arose and left the scene That he was never more to view.

P. C.

THE ART OF TAKING LEAVE.—Not a few people have still to learn the art of taking leave. Some will say, "It is time I was going," and then talk on aimlessly fór ten minutes. They will even rise and keep their host standing; by an effort they may succeed in getting as far as the hall; then a new thought strikes them; they brighten visibly and stand for some minutes longer, saying nothing of importance, but keeping everybody in a restless state. After the door is opened, leave taking begins again. Very likely a last thought strikes the departing visitor, and his friend must risk a cold to hear it to the end. There is no need to be offensively abrupt; but, when you are ready to go, go at oncegracefully and politely if you can, but at any rate without tiresome delays.

DR. ROEMER, the German naturalist, calls Ireland "the land of the giant stag and giant causeway; "1 he might have added "of the giant dog, and even "of the giant man.' This notion has been fostered

2

"3

by writers, such as Stanihurst and Dr. Lombard, both gentlemen of the Pale; and by Lord Hutchinson 5 in the House of Lords, and O'Connell at the hustings, both of whom pronounced their countrymen to be "the finest peasantry in the world." The idea has been countenanced even by Dean Swift, who says: "I have seen the grossest suppositions passed upon the English, such as, that the wild Irish were taken in toils, but in some time they would grow so tame as to eat out of your hand, . . and upon the arrival of an Irishman in a country town, I have known crowds coming about him wondering to see him look so much better than themselves." 6

On the other hand, the cartoonists of Punch, who, if true to the instincts of art, would shrink from creating and perpetuating a falsehood, invariably represent the Irishman as "of a low, savage type;' and men of science tell us that generations of half-starved or under-fed men, as the Irish are, must be undersized, and deteriorate and sink to the level of the lowest tribes of Australia.9

In order to estimate the value of these teachings of the men of science and art, and the truth of the high-pitched panegyrics of Irish orators and writers, it is not necessary to ransack the old cemeteries for bones and skulls, or to measure the living specimens according to the methods of Topinard and Wirchow. We can get light enough from a bright cloud of English eye-witnesses military, literary, and scientific —all of them impartial, many of them eminent, and some immortal.. All have written hard things about the Irishman under his moral, social, and political aspect; but with regard to his form, color, size, and strength, their British ideas, arising from personal and immediate perception, far from being in conflict, are quite in harmony with the Irish national conceit. On this point the wealth, the worth and cumulative force of their evidence must win the assent of their admiring country

men.

Let us first hear the testimony of these warriors, who saw the "Irish enemye" face to face on many a battlefield, and, in their victorious career through the land, had every opportunity of observing the

1 N. Jahrbuch, f. Min. und Palæon. 1877.

2 The wolf dog "bigger of limb than a colt " (Campion).

3 " Populus magnus est sicut gigantes "(Camden's" Britannia," p. 789). A large proportion of giants, it will be observed, are Irish, the climate being humid like that of Patagonia ("English Cyclop." ed. Bradbury, article "Giant," col. 1137).

4 Stanihurst's "Description of Ireland". Lombard's Report to the Holy See in 1600, p. 54 of his Commentarius de Regno Hiberniæ, ed. by Cardinal Moran.

5 He succeeded Abercrombie, and drove the French out of Egypt.

6" Works," vol. vii. p. 135..

7 So say Mr. A. Becket and Mr. Burnand in the Fortnightly Review, July, 1886. On November 7, 1886 the correspondent of the Journal des Débats, writes that "he had not yet met in Ireland the Irishman of the English illustrated papers."

8" The traveller is haunted by the face of popular starvation " (Thackeray's "Sketches in Ireland," vol. i. p. 146).

66

9 L'Irlandais qui a subi l'influence de la faim et de l'ignorance rappelle les peuplades les plus inférieures de l'Australie" ("De Quatrefages' L'unite de l'Espèce Humaine," p. 227, Ed. 1861).