An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements |
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... Differences and of Changes . X. The Reliability of Measures . 41 61 • 71 85 97 . 110 . 136 XI . XII . The Use of Tables of Frequency of the Probability Surface . Sources of Error in Measurements .. 147 . 157 XIII . Conclusion ...
... Differences and of Changes . X. The Reliability of Measures . 41 61 • 71 85 97 . 110 . 136 XI . XII . The Use of Tables of Frequency of the Probability Surface . Sources of Error in Measurements .. 147 . 157 XIII . Conclusion ...
Page 5
... differences , changes and relationships or dependencies . The psychologist thus measures the acuity of vision , the changes in it due to age , and the relationship between acuity of vision and ability to learn to spell . The economist ...
... differences , changes and relationships or dependencies . The psychologist thus measures the acuity of vision , the changes in it due to age , and the relationship between acuity of vision and ability to learn to spell . The economist ...
Page 6
... differences , changes and relationships for which standard units of amount are often not at hand , which are variable , and so unexpressible in any case by a sin- gle figure , and which are so complex that to represent any one of them a ...
... differences , changes and relationships for which standard units of amount are often not at hand , which are variable , and so unexpressible in any case by a sin- gle figure , and which are so complex that to represent any one of them a ...
Page 7
... difference in ability may , in fact , be denoted by the step from 60 to 90 by one teacher , by the step from 40 to 95 by another , by the step of from 75 to 92 by another and even by still another by the step from 90 to 96. Obviously ...
... difference in ability may , in fact , be denoted by the step from 60 to 90 by one teacher , by the step from 40 to 95 by another , by the step of from 75 to 92 by another and even by still another by the step from 90 to 96. Obviously ...
Page 11
... differences . Divid- ing the ratings of each individual by the average of all his ratings , Table III . becomes Table IV . Table IV . contains also measures of the range in terms of the percentage that the upper is of the lower limit in ...
... differences . Divid- ing the ratings of each individual by the average of all his ratings , Table III . becomes Table IV . Table IV . contains also measures of the range in terms of the percentage that the upper is of the lower limit in ...
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Common terms and phrases
75 percentile a-t words A. L. Bowley A's marked absolute zero algebraic Anthropometry Aobt approximately arithmetic array average deviation boys calculated cent central tendency Cephalic Index chance chapter Clark Wissler coefficient of correlation constant error deviate less difference divergence of true Dollars equal fact form of distribution formulæ Francis Galton Franz Boas girls give given illustration individual measures instance Karl Pearson limits mean measures by relative measures of variability median mental measurements mental sciences mental traits method mode normal distribution normal probability number of causes number of children number of measures P. E.dis probability surface problem Quantity ratings ratio relationship relative position represent result Royal Statistical Society scale series of measures Square student surface of frequency table of frequencies tion total distribution true average true measure Udny Yule units of amount values variation zero points
Popular passages
Page 38 - The standard deviation, mathematically, is the square root of the average of the squares of the deviations of the individual cases from the mean.
Page 47 - Dire tengo antipatía senores; esto seria necedad, porque hombre vale siempre tanto como otro hombre. Todas clases hombres merito; resumidas cuentas, sulpa suya vizxonde; pero dire sobrina puede contar dote viente cinco duros menos, tengo apartado; pardiez tamado trabajo atesorar-los para enriquecer estrano. Vizconde rico. Mios, quiero ganado sudor frente salga familia; suyo, pertenence, tendran. Conozco marido pueda convenirle Isabel; Carlos, sobrino. Donde muchacho honrado, mejor indole, juicioso,...
Page 123 - ... would, per contra, mean that the city which spent most for one item would spend the smallest amount for the other, that any degree above the average or median in the one would be accompanied by the same degree below the average or median for the other, and vice versa. A coefficient of + 62 % would mean that (comparison being rendered fair here, as always, by reduction to the variabilities as units) any given station for one item would, on the whole, imply 62 hundredths of that station for the...
Page 127 - ... the influence of chance inaccuracy in the measures to be related is always to produce zero correlation. If two series of pairs of values are due entirely to chance the correlation will be zero, and in so far as they are at all due to chance, the correlation will be reduced toward zero. "The chance variation, which in the long run cuts its own throat in the case of averages, can not, in the case of a correlation, be . . . rendered innocuous by mere numbers.
Page 123 - It expresses the degree of relationship from which the actual cases might have arisen with least improbability. It has possible values from +100 percent through 0 to — 100 percent. A coefficient of correlation between two abilities of +100 percent means that the individual who is the best in the group in one ability will be the best in the other, that the worst man in the one will be the worst in the other, that if the individuals were ranged in order of excellence in the first ability and then...
Page 123 - A coefficient of + 62 per cent. would mean that (comparison being rendered fair here as always by reduction to the variabilities as units) any given station in the one trait would imply 62 hundredths of that station in the other. A coefficient of — 62 would of course mean that any degree of superiority would involve 62 hundredths as much inferiority, and vice versa...
Page 47 - The given words were in the case of the easy opposites — good, outside, quick, tall, big, loud, white, light, happy, false, like, rich, sick, glad, thin, empty, war, many, above, friend. Part-whole test.
Page 69 - There is nothing arbitrary or mysterious about variability which makes the so-called normal type of distribution a necessity, or any more rational than any other sort, or even more to be expected on a priori grounds. Nature does not abhor irregular distributions.