Indicative. SINGULAR. Subjunctive. IMPERFECT. SINGULAR. fi-e-bam, fi-ē-bās, fi-e-bat. fi-e-rem, fie-res, fi-e-ret. fi-ē-bāmus, fi-ē-bātis, fî-ē-frĕ-rēmus, fi-ĕ-rētis, fre-rent. fac-tus (a, um) sum, es, &c. | fac-tus (a, um) sim, sis, &c. The i in fio is long throughout, even when followed by another vowel; but it is short in fit, and wherever it is followed by -er. Defective Verbs. 188. Defective verbs are those of which only certain isolated forms occur in Latin authors. Such verbs are coepi, měmini, ōdī, novi, aio, inquam, fārī, cedo, quaeso; and the imperatives, avē, ăpăgě, salvē, vălē, and ovāre. 189. The four verbs, coepī (I begin), měměnī (I remember), ōdī (I hate), nōvī (I know), are in reality perfects, the presents of which are not in use, with the exception of novi, which is the perfect of nosco (I become acquainted). These perfects have the meaning of a present; for nōvi, 'I have become acquainted,' is equivalent to 'I know;' hence the pluperfect has the meaning of an ordinary imperfect, and the future perfect that of an ordinary future. They have of course only those tenses which are derived from the perfect; and their conjugation is quite regular. coep-ĕrim, měmin-ĕrim, ōd-ĕrim, PLUPERFECT. nōv-ĕrim. coep-issem, měmin-issem, ōd-issem, nov-issem. Coepi has also a passive coeptus (a, um) sum, which is used in connection with other passive verbs-domus aedificari coepta est (the building of the house was commenced). Hence we have the forms coeptus sum, coeptus eram, coeptus ero, coeptus essem, coeptum (am, um) esse, and so on. 190. Of aio (I say, I say yes, or I affirm), only the The imperative ai is obsolete, and the perfect ait is like the present. 191. Inquam (I say) is very defective; the following forms only occur: Inquam is, like ait, used only between the words of a quotation-as tum ille, nego, inquit, verum esse, he then said, I deny that it is true.' 192. The verb fāri (to speak), a deponent of the first conjugation, is defective; there are, however, some of its compounds-as affari, effari, praefari, and profariwhich have a few more forms, distinguished from the others by being placed within brackets. fātus [a, um] eram, &c. | fātus [a, um] essem, &c. PRESENT, fantis, fanti, fantem, fante. PERFECT, fātus, a, um. GERUNDIVE, fandus, a, um. |