Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: A How-to Approach

absorbed amplitude anode anode wire avalanche Bethe-Bloch formula bremsstrahlung cable calculated CAMAC cathode chamber charged particles circuit collisions component Compton scattering constant count rate counter crate cross section crystal dE/dx decay density depends detection detector distribution dose drift drift chamber dynode effect efficiency elec electric field electrons emission emitted energy loss errors example excited factor fast frequency function gamma rays gases Gaussian germanium given incident input integral interaction ionization ions light output linear liquid material maximum mean measured method modules MWPC neutron nuclear nucleus pair production parameters particle physics photocathode photomultiplier photons plastic Poisson distribution positrons probability proportional counter pulse height pulse shape radiation radioactive radioactive decay range reactions resolution result sample scaler scattering scintillator semiconductor shown in Fig spectrum thickness tion trigger velocity voltage width y-rays