3. Indicate the grammatical and logical subjects and predicates of the preceding sentences, as well as of the following: (1) To tell all that we think is inexpedient. (2) Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. (3) Sweet is the breath of morn. (4) There can be no natural desire of artificial good. (5) Rising early is healthful. (6) It is unlawful to kill an innocent man. (7) Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. (8) Thee the voice, the dance, obey. (9) To whom shall I deliver the message? (10) Why do you weave around you this thread of occupation? (11) Whence comes this tumult? (12) How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds makes ill deeds done! 4. Tell whether the italicized parts are words, phrases, or clauses, and classify them as modifiers: (1) This was all excellent good. (2) Right against the eastern gate. (3) Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise. (4) He must needs die. (5) You that are noble born should pity him. (6) Keats, a little before he died, said, ‘I feel the daisies growing over me.' (7) No ticket will be issued after to-morrow. (8) No ticket will be issued the day after to-morrow. (9) After to-morrow is the bane of many a life. (10) I don't care a straw for him. (11) He strove to please you. (12) He thought to please you. (13) The effort to please you was of no avail. (14) Old John of Gaunt is grievous sick, my lord. (15) All tricks, they say, are fair in love and war. (16) He died where he was born. (17) He died in the place where he was born. (18) Where he was born is uncertain. (19) He traded with his available capital. (20) He traded with what capital he had. 5. Compose three sentences containing a noun phrase, three containing an adjective phrase, and three containing an adverb phrase. 6. Compose three sentences illustrating the use of the clause as adverb, adjective, and noun. 7. Compose three sentences illustrating the use of the adjective as an abnormal noun. 8. Three illustrating the use of the two infinitives as abnormal nouns. 9. Three illustrating the use of the clause or phrase as predicate. 10. Compose five sentences that shall contain the five relative pronouns. 11. Compose interrogative sentences for the following introductory words: who? whose? which? how? do? shall? would? can? does? may? where? when? why? 12. Compose interrogative sentences for the following phrases, and classify the phrases as modifiers: in what? on what condition? by which? on whose account? for whom? 13. Compose three complex interrogative sentences, and let the dependent clause denote time. 14. Compose three exclamatory phrases, and three exclamatory sentences. 15. Compose three compound sentences, in two of which one member shall be interrogative. 16. Compose causal clauses to limit the following statements: (1) We left the city. (2) Cultivate agreeable manners. (3) Be slow to promise. (4) Improve your time. (5) Never reveal secrets. 17. Compose conditional clauses, to limit the following: (1) We shall go. (2) The ice will melt. (3) He can perform the task. (4) The lecture will be postponed. (5) We shall be lost. 18. Compose three simple sentences with compound subjects, and three with compound predicates. 19. Compose five sentences containing the present progressive indicative, active voice. 20. Five containing the past progressive active. 21. Five containing the past perfect active. 22. Five containing the past perfect passive. 23. Five containing the future perfect passive. 24. Six illustrating the correct use of 'may,' 'might,' 'can,' 'could,' 'would,' 'should.' 25. Compose five sentences containing the nominative absolute, then expand the absolute phrases into clauses. 26. Combine the following statements into complex sentences the first and second, the third and fourth, and so on-then abridge the subordinate clauses: We left. The sun set. A sudden noise alarmed us. We were sitting under a tree. He will retire from business. He has accumulated a fortune. He means well. He makes many blunders. The peaches fall to the ground. Charles shakes the tree. He will spend four years in the country. He will follow farming. [Consider carefully how the sentences are related in thought or idea.] 27. Compose a compound sentence, each of whose members shall be complex. 28. Compose five sentences containing adverbial clauses of purpose, then abridge the clauses into infinitive phrases. 29. Is the following an example of the absolute construction? 'And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days.' 30. Analyze: The meeting points the sacred hair dissever, From her fair head for ever and for ever.-Pope. Fond fool! six feet of earth is all thy store, And he that seeks for all shall have no more.-Bishop Hall. Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors, My very noble and approved good masters, It is most true: true, I have married her: The very head and front of my offending CHAPTER XIV. THE SENTENCE-CAPITALIZATION. Our most considerable actions are always present, like capital letters to an aged and dim eye.-JEREMY TAYLOR. LANGUAGE is a medium of communication. A prin cipal condition of its efficiency, therefore, is clearness of expression. The important aids to this endthe choice and order of terms and constructions that are reputable and effective—will be considered hereafter. At present, attention is called to those which are minor or supplemental, though far from inessential. A little thing,' says an ancient philosopher, 'gives perfection; but perfection is not a little thing.' For example, compare"TO THEE WE BOW, FRIEND, FATHER, KING OF KINGS!" with "To thee we bow, Friend, Father, King of kings!" Now let any person conceive an entire page to be printed in the style of the first, and another in the style of the second, then he may estimate the advantages of a just distinction of symbols into greater and less. The former is uniform, vague, and requires study that it may be understood; the latter is differential, definite, and instantly intelligible. The one confounds the special with the ordinary; the other discriminates them. Thus, 'king' in its general application is begun with a small letterthe size predominant; but its particular application is marked by a larger initial: that is, prominence of the idea demands a corresponding prominence of the sign. Similarly, if we wish to combine 'sea' and 'dead'— the one a common name and the other a common attribute — and to designate by the combination a single object, this peculiar use is rendered visible by initial capitals: 'Dead Sea.' Observe, also, the distinction between 'Long Island' and ' a long island'; between 'Green Mountains' and green mountains'; between 'General Jackson' and 'Jackson, the general'; 'Concord River' and 'the river Concord.' Each is an illustration of the generic converted into the specific, the internal modification being noted by an external device. Most mountains are green, but some are preeminently so. In 'general,' as an appositive, we have a class-name; but custom decrees that a certain military genius shall be known by a compound - General Jackson.' A river is a stream, and concord is peace; and an individual stream may be designated (1) by elevating the abstract concord' into an appellative 'Concord,' then placing this distinctive word in apposition to the class; or (2), without any regard to grammatical relations, by consenting that 'river' shall become an inseparable constituent, which would be more in conformity with usage. 'Hudson River' is customary and integral; 'the river Hudson' is neither. Likewise, with small initial, 'lord' denotes men of authority and power in general; with initial capital, it is applied to God, or to a particular person, as 'Lord Bacon.' In the following invocation, 'thou' is capitalized to show its reference to the Deity: 'O Thou whose love can ne'er forget its offspring, man!' The presence of the antecedent, however, renders such |