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31. King's declaration in favour of freedom, and promise to convoke a legal
Cortes,
32. Universal transports in Spain at this decree, and the king's return to
33. Reflections on this event, and the obvious courses which lay open to the
king,
34. Ferdinand's despotic measures.
35. Discontent in various quarters,
36. Revolt of Mina in Navarre,
Re-establishment of the Inquisition,
37. Fresh arbitrary decree of Ferdinand,
38. Further violent proceedings of the king, and Porlier's revolt,,
39. Its failure, and his death,
40. Invasion of France, and retreat of the Spaniards. Fresh tyrannical acts of
the king,
41. Change of ministers, and policy at Madrid,
42. Restoration of the Jesuits, and other despotic measures,
43. Double marriages of the royal families of Spain and Portugal,
44. Creation of the kingdom of Brazil,
45. Insurrection in Valencia,
46. Abortive conspiracy in Barcelona, and death of General Lacy,
47. Papal bull regarding the contribution by the Spanish church,
48. Treaty regarding the Queen of Etruria,
49. Treaty for the limitation of the slave-trade,
50. Miserable state of Spain: its army and navy,
51. Extreme penury of the finances of Spain. Decree, April 3, 1818,
52. Death of Queen Maria Isabella of Spain,
53. Disastrous fate of the first expedition to Lima,
54. Fresh revolt at Valencia, which is suppressed,
55. Causes of the revolt in the Isle of Leon,
56. Efforts of the Cadiz Liberals to promote it,
57. Insurrection at Cadiz,
58. The conspiracy is at first arrested by d'Abisbal,
59. D'Abisbal is deprived of the command of the expedition,
60. Additional measures of severity on the part of the Government,
61. Yellow fever at Cadiz,
62. Sale of Florida to the Americans,
63. Marriage of the king,
64. Revolution attempted by Riego,
65. Vigorous measures adopted against the insurgents,
66. Capture of the arsenal, and expedition of Riego into the interior,
67. Its defeat and failure,
68. Perilous position of Quiroga in the Isle of Leon,
69. Insurrection at Corunna, and in Navarre,
70. Revolution at Madrid: the king accepts the constitution,
71. Reflections on this revolution,
72. Rapid advances of the revolution,
73. Reception of the revolution at Barcelona, Valencia, and Cadiz,
74. Massacre at Cadiz,
75. New ministry at Madrid,
76. First measures of the new government,
77. Establishment of clubs in Madrid, and other revolutionary measures,
83. Report on the state of the army,
79. Meeting of the Cortes: its composition,
80. Disorders in the provinces,
81. Murder of one of the body-guard, and reward of the murderers,
82. Opening of the Cortes, .
84. Majority of the Cortes: its leaders,
85. Suppression of the Jesuits, and measures regarding entails,
86. Financial measures,
98. Return of Marshal Beresford, who is forced to go to England,
99. Effect of the banishment of the British,
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107. Defection of General Pepe and the garrison of Naples,
121. Resignation of the king, and proclamation of the Prince of Carignan as
CHAPTER VIII.
RUSSIA AND POLAND, FROM THE PEACE OF 1815 TO THE ACCESSION OF
NICHOLAS IN 1825.
1. Vast growth and extent of Russia, America, and British India in recent
times,
113
2. Increase of Russia by the treaties of 1814 and 1815,
114
3. Important acquisition of Russia in the grand-duchy of Warsaw,
115
4. Statistics of the grand-duchy of Warsaw,
116.
117
5. Establishment of the kingdom of Poland,
6. Biography of the Grand-duke Constantine,
7. His character,
8. His first acts of administration, and training of the army,
9. Great advantage to Poland from its union with Russia,
10. Great increase of its military strength,
11. Failure of the representative system in Poland,
12. Great influence of Russia,
13. Great wisdom of its external policy,
14. Their unity of purpose,
15. Statistics of the empire: its population,
16. Great rapidity of increase of the Russian population,
17. Great room for future increase in its inhabitants,
18. Unity of feeling in the whole empire,
19. Reason of this unity. Their Asiatic habits and religious feelings,
20. Unity of interest in the empire,
21. General insufficiency of the schools to produce enlightenment,
22. The clergy,
23. Rank in Russia: the Tchinn,
24. Great power given by the Tchinn,
25. Caste of the nobles,
26. Of the bourgeois and trading classes,
27. The serfs: their number and condition,
28. Privileges and advantages they enjoy,
29. The Tieglo: its advantages and evils,
30. Way in which it is carried into effect,
31. Contrast of English and Russian cultivators,
32. Opinion of M. Haxthausen on the serfs and their enfranchisement,
33. Evils of the Russian serf system,
34. Foreign conquest ever forced upon Russia by its climate,
35. Fear the universal principle of government in Russia, .
36. General use of corporal chastisement,
37. Character which these circumstances have imprinted on the Russi
38. Causes which have led to this character,
39. Great effect of the distances in Russia,
40. Civilisation depends entirely on the higher ranks,
41. Strong imitative turn of the Russians,
42. Military strength of Russia,
43. The military colonies,
11
12
53. Great impulse to agricultural industry in Russia from free trade,
166
54. What is the destiny of Russia?
55. Two different people in Russia, .
168
56. Liberal ideas with which the troops returned from France and Germany,
57. First steps of Alexander on his return to Russia in 1814,
169
170
58. His beneficent measures,
59. Marriage of Alexander's sister to the Prince of Orange, and of the Grand- duke Nicholas to the Princess of Prussia,
60. Incessant travels of Alexander from 1815 to 1825,
61. Various beneficent measures introduced by him,
62. His arrival at Warsaw in 1818, .
171
172
173
174
68. Great changes in the emperor's mind from the revolution of 1820,
179
88. Alexander refuses to support the Greeks,
89. Extension of the Russian empire in North America,
90. Suppression of freemasons' and other secret societies, .
91. General failure of the emperor's philanthropic projects,
92. Dreadful flood at St Petersburg,
93-94. Description of the situation of St Petersburg,
199
200
202
203
204-205
95. Great inundation of St Petersburg,
96. Noble charity of the emperor and nobles,
97. Internal measures of 1824, and settlement of the boundaries of Russian
206
207
98. The Empress of Russia: her birth, parentage, marriage, and character,
99. Amours of the Czar,
209
210
100. Death of Alexander's natural daughter,
211
101. Reconciliation of the emperor and einpress,
212
102. Solemn service in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Kazan,
213
114. Constantine's previous renunciation of his right of succession,
224
115. Nicholas refuses the crown, and proclaims Constantine,
225
116. Contest of generosity between the two brothers, and Nicholas mounts
126. Forces on both sides, and irresolution of the chiefs of the revolt,
127. Death of Milaradowitch,
237
130. Seizure of the leaders of the conspiracy, and generous conduct of Nicholas
135. Arrest of the Mouravieffs, and outbreak of the conspiracy in the army of
141. Noble conduct of the Princess Troubetzkoi and the other wives of the
convicts,
250