116. Cause of the wretchedness of Ireland,

117. What would have relieved the couutry, and its neglect,

118. Ruinous effect of the contraction of the currency upon Ireland,

Page

492

493

494

123. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and Insurrection Act,

124. Divisions on the Catholic claims,

499

500

125. Increasing strength of the minority on parliamentary reform,

126. Peroration of Mr Canning's speech,

501

502

127. Sir James Mackintosh's motion regarding the criminal law,

128. Great fall in the price of all sorts of produce,

503

504

129. Measures for the relief of the agricultural classes,

505

130. Detailed measures of Government for the relief of the agriculturists,

131. Motion of Mr Western on the currency,

506

507

132-135. Mr Huskisson's arguments in support of the existing system,

136-142. Reply by Mr Attwood,

143. Repeated defeats of Ministers in the House of Commons,

147. Equalisation of the Dead Weight, and military and naval pensions,

148. Details of the measure,

158. Political changes in progress, from the resumption of cash payments,

159. Internal changes arising from the same cause,

ib.

528

160. Lord Londonderry was the last of the real rulers of England,

161. Increased ascendant of the rulers of thought,

529

530

162. Simultaneous outbreak of the revolutionary spirit in different countries,
163. Different characters of the revolts in the different states,

ib.

531

CHAPTER XI.

ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND SPAIN, FROM THE ACCESSION OF VILLÈLE IN 1819 TO THE

CONGRESS OF VERONA IN 1822.

1. Divergence of France and England in regard to the Spanish revolution,

2. Peculiar causes which augmented this divergence,

12. M. de Corbière, M. Mathieu de Montmorency, M. de Peyronnet, Victor,

550

27. Attempted restoration of the royal authority at Madrid,

28. Opening of the Cortes, and dismissal of the ministers,

29. Conduct of the Cortes, and appointment of a new Ministry,

31. Extraordinary outbreak of revolutionary fury in the east of Spain,

32. Revolutionary laws passed by the Cortes,

33. Barbarous murder of the priest Vinuesa,

567

568

569

30. Effect produced in Spain by the crushing of the revolution in Italy,

570

ib.

571

572

34. Institution of the Order of the Hammer,

573

35. Insurrection in Navarre, and appointment of Murillo at Madrid,

36. Proceedings of the Cortes,

37. Deplorable state of the finances, and measures regarding them,

38. Fresh tumults in Madrid,

45. Refusal of Cadiz and Seville to receive the king's governors, and revolt at

48. Irresolute conduct of the king, and Royalist insurrection in the north,

585

49. Proposed laws against the press and patriotic societies,

586

50. Riots in Madrid on the passing of a bill against the press,

ib.

51. Composition of the new Cortes,

587

52. New ministry,

589

53. Opening of the Cortes, and disastrous state of the finances,

54. General disturbances in Spain,

ib.

590

55. Proceedings of the Cortes, and progress of the civil war,

56. The Trappist: his appearance and character, and followers,

57. Desperate assault of Cervera,

58. Defeat of Misas,

59. Severe laws passed by the Cortes,

591

593

594

ib.

595

63. Commencement of the strife between the guard and the garrison,

ib.

69. Change of ministry, and complete triumph of the revolutionists,

75. Capture of Castelfollit, and savage proclamation of Mina,

611

76. Continued disasters of the Royalists, and flight of the regency from

Urgel,

612

CHAPTER XII.

CONGRESS OF VERONA-FRENCH INVASION OF SPAIN DEATH OF LOUIS XVIII.

1. Great effect produced by these successes of the Liberals,

6. Danger of a renewal of the family compact between France and Spain,

7. Influence of the South American and Spanish bondholders,

8. Immense extent of the Spanish and South American loans,

9. Views of the Cabinet and Mr Canning on the subject,

10. Congress of Verona agreed on by all the powers,

13. Views of the different powers at the opening of the Congress,

14. Brilliant assemblage of princesses and courtiers at Verona,

15. Treaty for the evacuation of Piedmont and Naples,

16. Resolution of the Congress regarding the slave-trade,

17. Note of England regarding South American independence,

18. Instructions of M. de Villèle to M. de Montmorency regarding Spain,

19. Mr Canning's instructions to Duke of Wellington,

629

630

631

20. Measures adopted by the majority of the Congress on the subject,

632

M

21. Questions proposed by France, and answers of the Continental powers and

England,

22. Views of what had occurred in this Congress,

23. Views of M. de Villèle and Louis XVIII.,

24. Secret correspondence of M. de Villèle and M. de Lagarde,

25. Debate on it in the Cabinet, and resignation of M. de Montmorency, who

is succeeded by M. de Chateaubriand,

Page

633

635

637

638

639

26. The warlike preparations of France continue,

27. Failure of the negotiations at Madrid, and departure of the French ambas-

sador,

641

642

28. Speech of the king at the opening of the Chambers,

29. King of England's speech at opening of Parliament,

30. Reply of the Spanish government,

31, M. Hyde de Neuville's address in reply to the speech of the king,

32-39. Speech on the war in the House of Commons by Mr Brougham,

40. Mr Canning adopts the principle of non-interference,

41-52. M. de Chateaubriand's reply in the French Chambers,

53. Immense sensation produced by this speech,

56-57. Affair of M. Manuel, in the Chamber of Deputies: his speech,

58. Storm in the Chamber,.

62. Preparations of the Liberals to sow disaffection in the army,

672

63. Feelings of Mr Canning and the English people at this crisis,

67. Views of George IV. and the Duke of Wellington on the subject,

68. Difficulties of the French at the entrance of the campaign,

69. Which are obviated by M. Ouvrard,

70. Forces, and their disposition on both sides,

71. The Spanish forces,

78. Proceedings of the Cortes, and deposition of Ferdinand VII.,

ib.

79. Violent reaction at Seville, and over all Spain, .

691

80. State of affairs in Cadiz, .

692

81. Advance of the Duke d'Angoulême into Andalusia, and decree of Andujar, 693

88. Resumed negotiations at Cadiz, and assault of Santa Petri,

89. Deliverance of the king, and dissolution of the Cortes,

90. Scene at his deliverance,

Page

701

702

703

91. First acts of the new Government,

ib.

92. Loud calls on Ferdinand for moderation and clemency,

93. Sentence of Riego,

704

705

95. Entry of the king and queen into Madrid,

96. Distracted and miserable state of Spain,

97. State of Portugal during this year. Royalist insurrection,

98. Royalist counter-revolution,

706

708

709

710

99. Triumphant return of the Duke d'Angoulême to Paris,

100. Offer of assistance by Russia to France rejected,

101-102. Views of Mr Canning in recognising the republics of South

103. Mr Canning did not give independence to South America, but only

acknowledged it,

104. Recognition of the South American republics by Mr Canning,

105. Effects of this measure on British interests,

106. M. de Chateaubriand's designs in regard to the South American states,

107. Speech of Mr Canning at Plymouth,

108. The elections of 1824, and strength of the Royalists,

109. Great effect which this had on the future destinies of France,

110. Meeting of the Chambers, and measures announced in the royal speech, 723

111. Law of septenniality: considerations in favour of it,

ib.

112. Argument on the other side,

724

.

113. Law for the reduction of interest of the national debt,

725

114. Which is passed by the Deputies, but thrown out by the Peers,

726

115. Reflections on this decision. Difference of the English and French

126. Political inferences from the result of the Spanish revolution,

735

127. Great merit of the French expedition into Spain in 1823,

128. It had nearly established the throne of the Restoration,

130. Was the English intervention in behalf of South America justifiable?

131. Its ultimate disastrous effects to England,