Behavioral and Psychological Approaches to Breathing DisordersB.H. Timmons, Ronald Ley We start life with a breath, and the process continues automatically for the rest of our lives. Because breathing continues on its own, without our awareness, it does not necessarily mean that it is always functioning for optimum mental and physical health. The opposite is true often. The problem with breathing is that it seems so easy and natural that we rarely give it a second thought. We breathe: we inhale, we exhale. What could be simpler? But behind that simple act lies a process that affects us profoundly. It affects the way we think and feel, the quality of what we create, and how we function in our daily life. Breathing affects our psychological and physiological states, while our psychological states affect the pattern of our breathing. For example, when anxious, we tend to hold our breath and speak at the end of inspiration in a high-pitched voice. Depressed people tend to sigh and speak at the end of expiration in a low-toned voice. A child having a temper tantrum holds his or her breath until blue in the face. Hyperven tilation causes not only anxiety but also such a variety of symptoms that patients can go from one specialty department to another until a wise clinician spots the abnormal breathing pattern and the patient is successfully trained to shift from maladaptive to normal breathing behavior. |
Contents
Beverly H Timmons | 1 |
Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System and the Autonomic Nervous System Karen H Naifeh | 17 |
11 Basic Anatomy | 18 |
12 Mechanics of Breathing | 22 |
13 Gas Exchange | 26 |
14 Regulation of Respiration | 31 |
15 Influence of Respiration on Cardiac Function | 35 |
2 The Autonomic Nervous System | 36 |
The Role of the Physiotherapist in the Treatment of Hyperventilation Elizabeth A Holloway | 157 |
11 Normal Breathing | 158 |
2 Initial Assessment | 159 |
23 History | 160 |
25 Identification of Trigger Factors | 161 |
27 Other Types of Breathing Training | 162 |
3 Reeducation of Breathing Patterns | 163 |
32 Preparation | 164 |
22 Neurotransmitters | 40 |
23 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System | 42 |
3 Stress | 44 |
4 Further Reading | 45 |
Nasopulmonary Physiology Pat A Barelli | 47 |
11 Preparation of Air for the Lungs | 49 |
15 Body Temperature | 50 |
18 Sleep and Postural Adjustment | 51 |
19 Nose versus Mouth Breathing | 52 |
22 Nasal Pressure Tests Rhinomanometry | 53 |
23 Sinus Nasoantral Pressure Tests | 54 |
26 Middle Turbinate Syndrome | 55 |
4 Conclusion | 56 |
Behavioral Perspectives on Abnormalities of Breathing during Sleep Christian Guilleminault and Donald L Bliwise | 59 |
2 Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 61 |
3 Treatments for Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 62 |
4 Guidelines for Therapists | 64 |
5 References | 65 |
6 Further Reading | 66 |
Control of Breathing and Its Disorders Sheila Jennett | 67 |
12 Motor Pathways from Brain to Respiratory Muscles | 68 |
13 Inputs to the Brain Stem Complex | 70 |
2 Components of Normal Behavioral Control | 72 |
22 Deliberate Control of Breathing | 73 |
32 Correction of AcidBase State | 74 |
34 Correction following Reflex and Voluntary Interference | 75 |
4 Disorders of Control | 76 |
42 Breathing Too Little or Too Much 421 Underventilation | 78 |
43 Inability to Exert Voluntary Control over Breathing | 80 |
Breathing and the Psychology of Emotion Cognition and Behavior Ronald Ley | 81 |
2 The Effects of Breathing on Emotions and Behavior | 82 |
3 Breathing and Cognition | 84 |
32 The Effects of the Expectation of Noxious Events on Breathing | 85 |
Hyperventilation and Cognition | 86 |
34 Hyperventilation and Cognitive Deficit | 87 |
35 Test Anxiety and Hyperventilation | 88 |
4 Hyperventilation Cognition and Conditioned Emotions | 89 |
5 Concluding Remarks | 90 |
51 Clinicians Research and the Progress of Science | 91 |
Diagnosis and Organic Causes of Symptomatic Hyperventilation William N Gardner | 99 |
22 Alveolar and DeadSpace Volumes | 100 |
24 Control of Breathing and CO2 | 101 |
3 Short Historical Survey | 102 |
4 Diagnosis | 103 |
42 Signs Features Found on Examination | 104 |
5 Etiology of Hyperventilation | 105 |
52 Organic Causes of Hyperventilation | 106 |
6 Investigative Sequence | 108 |
62 Diagnosis of Hyperventilation | 109 |
63 Search for Organic Causes of Hyperventilation | 110 |
8 Conclusion | 111 |
Hyperventilation Syndromes Physiological Considerations in Clinical Management L C Lum | 113 |
2 Etiology | 115 |
3 Factors Affecting Symptom Threshold | 116 |
34 The Voice | 117 |
5 Physiological Mechanisms | 118 |
52 Respiratory Alkalosis | 119 |
54 Loss of CO2 from Neurons | 120 |
6 Pseudoallergy | 121 |
83 Education | 122 |
10 References | 123 |
Psychiatric and Respiratory Aspects of Functional Cardiovascular Syndromes Christopher Bass William N Gardner and Graham Jackson | 125 |
2 Psychiatric Aspects | 126 |
3 Respiratory Aspects | 128 |
32 Hyperventilation as an Etiological Factor in FCSs | 129 |
33 The Etiology of Chest Pain in Functional Heart Disorders | 130 |
34 Effects of Hyperventilation on Cardiovascular Function | 131 |
4 Assessment | 132 |
42 Assessment for Evidence of Hyperventilation | 133 |
43 Psychiatric Assessment | 134 |
54 Psychotropic Drugs | 135 |
7 References | 136 |
Hyperventilation and Psychopathology A Clinical Perspective Herbert Fensterheim | 139 |
3 The Secondary Reactions | 140 |
4 Problems in Formulation and Treatment | 144 |
5 Summary | 146 |
Management of Patients with HyperventilationRelated Disorders Christopher Bass | 149 |
3 Treatments | 150 |
32 Breathing Retraining Physiotherapy or Controlled Breathing | 151 |
33 Psychological Treatments | 152 |
4 Concluding Remarks | 153 |
5 References | 154 |
33 Retraining Method | 165 |
34 Frequency of Sessions | 166 |
35 Group Instruction | 167 |
38 Progress | 168 |
310 Posture | 169 |
313 Clothing | 170 |
316 Challenge | 171 |
42 Mental Relaxation | 172 |
43 TapeRecorded Instruction | 173 |
6 Conclusion | 174 |
8 Further Reading | 175 |
Breathing and Vocal Dysfunction Daphine J Pearce | 179 |
3 Resonators | 181 |
5 Singing | 182 |
7 Smoking | 183 |
8 Posture | 184 |
10 Observation | 186 |
12 Therapy | 187 |
121 Relaxation | 188 |
13 Conclusion and Guidelines for Therapists | 189 |
14 References | 190 |
Respiratory System Involvement in Western Relaxation and SelfRegulation Paul M Lehrer and Robert L Woolfolk | 191 |
3 Hypnosis | 193 |
5 The Alexander Method | 194 |
6 Meditation | 195 |
7 Paced Slow Respiration | 196 |
8 Abdominal Breathing | 197 |
9 Biofeedback | 198 |
10 Relaxation and Hyperventilation | 199 |
11 Conclusion | 200 |
Behavioral Management of Asthma Jonathan H Weiss | 205 |
3 The Role of Psychological Factors in Asthma | 207 |
31 Cognitive Variables | 208 |
33 Behavioral Variables | 210 |
41 Asthma Interview | 211 |
42 Asthma Problems Checklist APCL | 212 |
44 Asthma Diary | 213 |
51 Knowing the Facts and Fallacies about Asthma and Its Management | 215 |
52 Knowing Ones Symptom Precipitants and Aggravants | 216 |
54 Relaxing and Doing Abdominal Breathing | 217 |
55 Talking to the Doctor and Other Members of the Treatment Team | 218 |
7 References | 219 |
Respiratory Practices in Yoga Frank A Chandra | 221 |
3 Prolonged Expiration | 222 |
7 Nasal Passages and Nasal Cycles | 223 |
9 Effects of Pranayama on Carbon Dioxide Levels | 224 |
10 Underbreathing Normal and Overbreathing | 225 |
11 Respiratory Muscles | 226 |
13 Comparison of Pranayama and Mechanically Assisted Ventilation | 227 |
15 Hormonal Effects | 228 |
16 Meditation | 229 |
18 Guidelines for Therapists | 230 |
20 Further Reading | 232 |
Styles of Breathing in Reichian Therapy David Boadella | 233 |
2 Breathing Patterns | 235 |
4 Intestinal Breathing | 236 |
5 Breathing as Sucking | 238 |
7 Words of Caution for Therapists | 241 |
8 References | 242 |
Breathing and Feeling Ashley V Conway | 243 |
An Integrative Model | 244 |
3 Implications for Therapy | 248 |
4 References | 250 |
Breathing Therapy Magda Proskauer | 253 |
BreathingRelated Issues in Therapy Beverly H Timmons | 261 |
2 Emotion and Breathing | 263 |
3 Placebo Responses and Breathing | 265 |
4 Panic Attacks and Breathing | 266 |
42 Assessing Treatment Outcome Studies | 267 |
Their Significance for Therapists | 270 |
52 Physiological and Clinical Evidence | 271 |
53 Performance and Breathing Patterns | 273 |
6 Breathing Retraining | 274 |
61 Problems in Retraining Breathing | 276 |
7 Breathing Measurements in Therapy | 281 |
72 Biofeedback of Respiratory Measurements | 282 |
8 Future Directions | 286 |
9 References | 288 |
Publications of the Symposia on Respiratory Psychophysiology | 293 |
Author Index | 295 |
301 | |
Other editions - View all
Behavioral and Psychological Approaches to Breathing Disorders R. Ley,B.H. Timmons Limited preview - 2013 |
Behavioral and Psychological Approaches to Breathing Disorders R. Ley,B. H. Timmons No preview available - 2014 |
Behavioral and Psychological Approaches to Breathing Disorders R. Ley,B.H. Timmons No preview available - 2013 |
Common terms and phrases
abdominal breathing activity agoraphobia agoraphobic airways alveolar anxiety apnea Approaches to Breathing arousal arterial assessment asthma autonomic nervous system Bass behavior Beverly H biofeedback blood body brain stem Breathing Disorders breathing pattern breathing retraining cardiac cardiovascular cause changes Chapter chest pain chronic hyperventilation clinical clinicians CO₂ cognitive coronary decrease described diagnosis diaphragm disease effects emotional end-tidal expiration factors fear feelings function Gardner heart hemoglobin hyperventilation syndrome hypocapnia increase inspiration Journal lungs mechanism Medical Medicine metabolic movement muscles nasal nerve nervous system neurons Nixon normal nose occur overbreathing panic attacks panic disorder patients Pco₂ percent phonation physical physiological Po₂ practice Pranayama pressure problems Psychiatry psychological Psychophysiology Psychosomatic pulmonary receptors reflex relaxation Research and Therapy respiration respiratory system response role Ronald Ley sensations sleep sleep apnea somatic stress studies subjects symptoms techniques tension therapists thoracic tidal volume tion treatment ventilation voice voluntary yoga York