tence, and standing somewhat detached, and referring back by apposition to preceding parts of the sentence, should be separated from the previous portions by a Dash; as,-

The four greatest names in English poetry are among the first we come to, Chaucer, Spenser, Shakspeare, and Milton.

Kings and their subjects, masters and their slaves, find a common level in two places, at the cross, and in the grave.

NOTE. The dash here is said by some to indicate the omission of namely, or that is. It is true that one of these expressions might be inserted in most cases that come under this rule, but the passage would thereby lose in rhetorical force. The dash, in this case, as in Rule 4, is in fact purely elocutionary.

RULE 8. The Dash Parenthetical.-Parenthetical expressions are sometimes included between two Dashes, instead of the usual signs of parenthesis; as,

The smile of a child-always so ready when there is no distress, and so soon recurring when that distress has passed away-is like an opening of the sky, showing heaven beyond.

The archetypes, the ideal forms of things without,-if not, as some philosophers have said, in a metaphysical sense, yet in a moral sense,-exist within us.

NOTE 1. If, when the parenthetical part is removed from a sentence like one of these, the portions remaining require no point between them, no points besides the dashes will be required at the beginning and end of the parenthetical expression. Thus, in the first of the foregoing examples, if the parenthetical part be left out, the remaining portion will read, "The smile of a child is like an opening," &c. But if the parenthetical part be left out of the second example, it will read, "The archetypes, the ideal forms of things without, exist within us," with a comma at the place where the two dashes come in. In such cases, there must be two commas in the parenthetical form of the sentence, namely, one before each of the dashes, as in the example.

NOTE 2. If the parenthetical words express a question or an exclamation, they must be followed by an interrogation point or an exclamation point, before the concluding dash; as, Religion-who can doubt it?-is the noblest theme for the exercise of the intellect.

NOTE 3. The question, whether the marks which separate parenthetical words from the rest of the sentence shall be dashes, commas, or marks of parenthesis, is left a good deal to the fancy of the writer. The subject will be more particularly explained in the section on the Parenthesis.

NOTE 4. When one parenthetical expression is included within another, that which is least connected in construction should be set off by the marks of parenthesis, and the other by dashes; as,

"Sir Smug," he cries, (for lowest at the board

Just made fifth chaplain of his patron lord,

His shoulders witnessing, by many a shrug,

How much his feelings suffered-sat Sir Smug),

"Your office is to winnow false from true:

Come, prophet, drink; and tell us what think you."

RULE 9. Titles run in. -When a title, instead of standing in a line by itself, over a paragraph, is run in, so as to make a part of the paragraph, it should be separated from the rest of the line by a dash; as,

FIDELITY TO GOD. Whatever station or rank Thou shalt assign me, I will die ten

thousand deaths sooner than abandon it.- Socrates.

NOTE 1. If, at the end of a paragraph, the name of the author or of the book from which the paragraph has been taken is given, it is separated from the rest of the paragraph by a dash. See the word Socrates at the end of the preceding example.

NOTE 2. The word chapter or section, occurring on the same line with the title, is separated from it by a dash; as,—

CHAPTER I.-Punctuation.

RULE 10. Question and Answer.-If question and answer, instead of beginning separate lines, are run into a paragraph, they should be separated by a dash; as,

Who made you?-God. What else did God make?-God made all things. Why did God make you and all things?-God made all things for his own glory.

RULE 11. Omissions.-The dash is used to mark the omissions of letters or figures; as,

General W-n captured the Hessians at Trenton.

Matt. 9:1-6. [N. B. This is equivalent to Matt. 9: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.]

RULE 12. Examples on a New Line.-A dash should follow as and thus, when the example following them begins a new line.

For examples, see nearly all the preceding rules and notes.

Examples for Practice.

1. Almost all kinds of raw material extracted from the interior of the earth metals coals precious stones and the like obtained from mines differing in fertility.

2. The inferiority of French cultivation

which

country as a whole must be allowed to be real

are

taking the though much

exaggerated ● is probably more owing to the lower average of industrial skill in that country than to any special cause

Saxon

3. Each of these great and ever memorable struggles against Norman ✪ villein against lord Roundhead against Cavalier Dissenter against Churchman Manchester against Old

Sarum

was in its own order and season a struggle on the result of which were staked the dearest interests of the human

race

4. Time was growing to be of high worth and from causes which justified a good deal though not quite all of their delay the English at this time were behindhand

5. Though as I was saying it is only the shallow part of one's heart I imagine that the deepest hearts have their shallows

9. The essence of all poetry may be said to consist in three things invention expression inspiration

10. "How are you Trepid How do you feel to-day Mr. Trepid?" "A great deal worse than I was thank you — almost dead I am obliged to you" "Why Trepid what is the matter with you" "Nothing I tell you nothing in particular but a great deal is the matter with me in general

SECTION VIII.

The Parenthesis.

The Marks of Parenthesis are used to inclose words which have little or no connection with the rest of the sentence.

NOTE 1. The word parenthesis (Greek яapévdeois, insertion) signifies something in serted or put in, and applies primarily to a sentence or a part of a sentence inserted, by way of comment or explanation, in the midst of another sentence, of which it is independent in construction, and which is complete without it.

NOTE 2. We must distinguish between parenthesis and marks of parenthesis. The parenthesis is the sentence, or part of a sentence, that is inserted into another sentence. The marks of parenthesis are the two curved lines which inclose the words thus let in. The term marks of parenthesis, to indicate these curved lines, is preferred to parentheses. Parentheses means properly parenthetical sentences, not marks of parenthesis.

NOTE 3. Sometimes commas, and sometimes dashes, are used instead of the curved lines, to inclose words that are of a parenthetical character, and it is not always easy to determine when to use one of these modes, and when to use another. It may be observed, in general, that the curved lines mark the greatest degree of separation from the rest of the sentence; the dashes, the next greatest; and the commas, the least separation of all.

RULE. Words inserted in the body of a sentence, and nearly or quite independent of it in meaning and construction, should be inclosed with the marks of parenthesis.

NOTE 1. A very common example of the use of marks of parenthesis is in the reports of speeches, where a person is referred to, but not named. In the actual delivery of the speech, the person meant is sufficiently indicated by the speaker's pointing or bowing to him, or looking at him, or by other significant gesture. But as this cannot be transferred to the written or printed page, the reporter usually supplies its place by inserting the name of the person meant, and the name thus inserted by the reporter is inclosed by marks of parenthesis. Thus: "After the very lucid exposition of the matter by the gentleman opposite to me (Mr. Stuart), it will not be necessary for me to say much in defence of this part of the subject."

NOTE 2. In reporting speeches, marks of parenthesis are used to inclose exclamations of approbation or disapprobation on the part of the audience; as, "My lords, I am amazed at his lordship's declaration (hear, hear). Yes, my lords: I am amazed, that one in his position could so far forget the proprieties of debate."

NOTE 3. Marks of parenthesis are used to inclose a query, or comment of any kind, made by the one who is reporting, copying, or quoting the words of another; as, "The Romans were the first (indeed?) who learned the art of navigation." In strict accuracy, the marks in these three cases (Notes 1, 2, 3) should be brackets, because the matter thus inserted is really an interpolation by the reporter. But custom has sanctioned the use of marks of parenthesis in these cases. See Section IX., Note 2 (Brackets.)

NOTE 4. In scientific works, marks of parenthesis are used to inclose figures or letters that are employed in enumerating a list of particulars; as, "The unlawfulness of suicide appears from the following considerations: (1.) Suicide is unlawful on account of its general consequences. (2.) Because it is the duty," &c.

NOTE 5. If no point would be required between the parts of a sentence, in case there were no parenthesis there, then no points should be used at that place, in addition to the marks of parenthesis; as, "The Egyptian style of architecture (see Dr. Pocock's work) was apparently the mother of the Greek."

NOTE 6. If a point would be required between the parts of a sentence, in case no parenthesis were there, then, when the parenthesis is inserted, said point should be inserted also, and should be placed after the second mark of parenthesis; as, "Pride, in some disguise or other, is the most ordinary spring of action." "Pride, in some disguise or other (often a secret to the proud man himself), is the most ordinary spring of action."

NOTE 7. If the parenthetical part of a sentence requires at the end a point of its own, this point should come inside of the last mark of parenthesis, and the point belonging to the main sentence should come before the first mark of parenthesis; as, "While the Christian desires the approbation of his fellow-men, (and why should he

"Say

not desire it?) he disdains to receive their good-will by dishonorable means.' not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above;) or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.) But what saith it?"

NOTE 8. Sometimes a parenthesis is inserted, not between the parts of a sentence, but between complete and independent sentences, and the parenthesis itself contains one or more complete and independent sentences. In such cases, the words inclosed in the curved lines are parenthetical to the whole paragraph, rather than to any one sentence, and the rule for punctuation is, to insert, in addition to the curved lines, whatever other punctuation marks the several sentences and clauses would otherwise require; as, "Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. (For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ; whose end is destruction, whose god is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame; who mind earthly things.) For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ."

SECTION IX.

Brackets are used to

Brackets.

inclose in a sentence a word, or words, which do not form part of the original composition.

NOTE 1. Brackets are somewhat like the marks of parenthesis in form, one, however, being angular, the other curved, and are also in some respects like the latter in signification and use.

NOTE 2. Brackets are used to inclose a sentence, or a part of a sentence, within the body of another sentence, and thus far are like the marks of parenthesis. But the matter included within brackets is entirely independent of the sentence, and so differs from what is merely parenthetical. Further, the matter within the brackets is usually inserted by one writer to correct or add to what has been written by another, while the parenthesis is a part of the original composition, and is written by the same person that wrote the rest of the sentence.

NOTE 3. It is worthy of remark that the comma before and after, the dash before and after, the marks of parenthesis, and the brackets, all have something in common. They all are used to include matter which is inserted in the body of a sentence, and which is more or less independent of the sentence, and extraneous to it. They indicate increasing degrees of independence and extraneousness, about in the order in which they have just been named, the comma before and after showing least, and the brackets showing most, of this independence.

RULE. In correcting or modifying the expressions of