inserted between the two adjectives, because they are not in the same grammatical construction. "White" belongs to "horse" merely. "Beautiful" belongs properly to the whole expression "white horse." It is not simply the "horse," but the "white horse" that is said to be beautiful.

Examples for Practice.

1. He was brave and pious and patriotic in all his aspirations. 2. He was brave pious and patriotic in all his aspirations.

3. He was brave pious patriotic in all his aspirations.

4. He was a brave pious patriotic man.

5. Aright aleft above below he whirled the rapid sword.

6. The address was beautifully elegantly and forcibly written.

7. Can flattery soothe the dull cold ear of death?

8. Within around and above us we see traces of the Creator's hand.

9. We are fearfully wonderfully made.

10. The sun the moon the planets the stars revolve.

11. The sun the moon the planets the stars are all in motion.

12. The sun the moon the planets and the stars are all in motion.

13. Virtue religion is the one thing needful.

14. It is a useful accomplishment to be able to read write spell or cipher with accuracy.

15. Woe woe to the rider that tramples them down.

16. Aristotle Hamilton Whately and McCosh are high authorities in logic.

17. Lend lend your wings.

18. The earth the air the water teem with life.

19. Grand ideas and sentiments elevate and ennoble the mind.

QUESTION. Which of the commas used in the Rule and the Notes can be explained by the Rules already given?

RULE 8. Words or Phrases in Pairs. A series of words or phrases in pairs take a comma after each pair.

Examples for Practice.

1. Anarchy and confusion poverty and distress desolation and ruin are the consequences of civil war.

2. Truth and integrity kindness and modesty reverence and devotion were all remarked in him.

3. The poor and the rich the weak and the strong the young and the old have one common Father.

4. To have and to hold for better for worse for richer for poorer in sickness and in health to love and to cherish.

5. Eating or drinking laboring or sleeping let us do all in moderation.

RULE 9. Nouns in Apposition. When a noun is in apposition to some preceding noun or pronoun, and has an adjunct consisting of several words, the said noun and all its connected words should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma before and a comma after.

NOTE 1. This construction is sometimes inverted, the noun in apposition, with its adjuncts, being placed first. In that case, this preceding noun with its adjuncts should be separated from the main noun or pronoun by a comma; as, "Himself the greatest of agitators, Napoleon became the most repressive of tyrants."

NOTE 2. Where the noun put in apposition stands alone, or has only an article before it, no comma is required between said noun and the word with which it is in apposition; as, "Paul the apostle was a man of energy." "Mason Brothers."

NOTE 3. A noun following another as a synonym, or as giving additional Mustration to the thought, is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma before and after; as "The word Poet, meaning a maker, a creator, is derived from the Greek"

NOTE 4. When a noun is predicated of the noun or pronoun with which it is in apposition, no comma is required between them; as, "They have just elected him Governor of the State."

NOTE 5. After several words containing a description of a person or thing, if the name of the person or thing is added, it should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas; as, "The greatest of poets among the ancients, Homer, like the greatest among the moderns, Milton, was blind."

NOTE 6. A title, whether abbreviated or expressed in full, when annexed to a noun or pronoun, must be set off by commas; as, "At the request of the Rt. Rev. W. H. Odenheimer, D. D., the ceremony was postponed."

Examples for Practice.

1. We the people of the United States do hereby ordain and establish this Constitution.

2. Paul the great apostle of the Gentiles was a man of energy. 3. Virgil the chief poet among the Romans was fond of rural life. 4. The poet Shakspeare is now considered the greatest of writers ancient or modern.

5. Newton the great mathematician was a devout believer in Christianity.

6. Spenser the author of the Faery Queen lived in the time of Queen Elizabeth.

7., Strength energy is what you want.

8. Plutarch calls anger a brief madness.

9. Mere learning does not make a man an orator.

10. To call a man a fool is not to make him one.

11. The chief work of Chaucer the Canterbury Tales suggested to Longfellow the plan of the Tales of a Wayside Inn.

12. John Chapman Doctor of Medicine. John Chapman M.D. 13. The wisest of the ancients Socrates wrote nothing.

14. Much stress was laid by the greatest of the ancient orators Demosthenes upon delivery.

15. A man of prodigious learning he was a pattern of modesty.

RULE 10. The Vocative Case. A noun in the vocative case, or case independent, as it is called, together with its adjunct words, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, or commas.

Examples for Practice.

1. Accept my dear young friends this expression of my regard. 2. I beg sir to acknowledge the receipt of your favor.

3. I rise Mr. President to a point of order.

4. Show pity Lord! O Lord forgive!

5. Remember sir you cannot have it.

RULE 11. The Case Absolute. A clause containing the construction known as the case absolute should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, or commas.

Examples for Practice.

1. Then came Jesus the doors being shut and stood in the midst. 2. A state of ease is generally speaking more attainable than a state of pleasure.

3. Shame lost all virtue is lost.

4. His father being dead the prince ascended the throne.

5. I being in the way the Lord led me to the house of my master's brother.

RULE 12. Inverted Clauses and Expressions.-A clause, or a grammatical expression, that is inverted, or transposed

from its natural order, is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

NOTE 1. The infinitive mood, especially when used to express object or design, is often inverted in this way; as, "To obtain an education, he was willing to make sacrifices." The expressions To proceed, to conclude, &c., when placed at the beginning of a paragraph, and referring to the whole of it, should be separated from what follows by a colon.

NOTE 2. In making alphabetical catalogues, compound names, such as John Quincy Adams, are usually inverted, that is, the last word in the name, being the principal one, is put first, and is then separated from the other parts of the name by a comma; as, Adams, John Quincy.

Examples for Practice.

1. Awkward in person he was ill adapted to gain respect.
2. Of all our senses sight is the most important.

3. To supply the deficiency he resorted to a shameful trick.
4. Living in filth the poor cease to respect one another.
5. To confess the truth I never greatly admired him.

RULE 13. Ellipsis of the Verb. - In continued sentences, having a common verb, which is expressed in one of the members, but omitted in the others, the ellipsis of the verb is marked by a comma.

Examples for Practice.

1. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; writing

an exact man.

2. Homer was the greater genius; Virgil the better artist.

3. Semiramis built Babylon; Dido Carthage; and Romulus Rome.

RULE 14. Short Quotations. A short quotation, or a sentence resembling a quotation, should be preceded by a

comma.

Examples for Practice.

1. Patrick Henry began his celebrated speech by saying "It is natural to man to indulge the illusions of hope."

2. A good rule in education is Learn to be slow in forming your opinions.

3. I say There is no such thing as human perfection.

4. Some one justly remarks "It is a great loss to lose an affliction."

RULE 15. Punctuation of Numeral Figures.-Figures extending to four or more characters are pointed with a comma before every three from the end.

NOTE 1. Dates are not pointed.

NOTE 2. Numbers expressed in words are left unpointed.

Examples for Practice.

1. The population of China was, in 1743, according to the French missionaries, 150 029 855; in 1825, according to Dr. Morrison, 352 866 002.

[N.B. Put the same in words.]

SECTION II.

The Semicolon.

The Semicolon marks a division of a sentence somewhat larger and more complex than that marked by a comma.

NOTE. The word is compounded of semi, half, and colon, and means a division half as large as the colon.

RULE 1. Subdivided Members in Compound Sentences.— When a sentence consists of two members, and these members, or either of them, are themselves subdivided by commas, the larger divisions of the sentence should be separated by a semicolon.

NOTE 1. If the connection between these members is close, the semicolon is not used. The word "when," introducing the first member, indicates this kind of close connection, and prevents ordinarily the use of the semicolon. "As," and "so," introducing the two members, indicate a comparatively loose connection, and authorize the use of the semicolon, if the other conditions exist; as, "As we perceive the shadow to have moved, but did not perceive it moving; so our advances in learning, consisting of such minute steps, are perceivable only by the distance."

The Rule itself furnishes an example of the semicolon omitted in a sentence beginning with "when."

NOTE 2. When the members are considerably complex, they are sometimes separated