29. The English hate frogs, but the French love frogs and hate the English, and cut off their hind legs and consider them a great delicacy.

30. John Brown, his wife, baby, and dog, came up to town to see the fair, and passing through the streets he amused himself by barking at every unprotected female he met.

31. The moon is situated about two hundred and forty thousand miles from the earth, and is supposed to be an opaque body shining only by the reflection of the rays passing from the sun, and it influ, ences the waters of the earth in such a way as to produce a tidal wave once in 24 hours.

32. A man walked down the street, followed by a little dog, sporting a green neck-tie and patent leather boots.

33. He came into church with his wife, wearing a full dress uniform of the cavalry regiment then stationed in the neighborhood. 34. The man who sat writing with a Roman nose was ordered to leave the room.

35. The old astronomers were free to invent whatever theories they pleased as to the scale on which the sidereal scheme is constructed, since if the earth were at rest we could never know how far the stars were from us, and it was only when the earth was set free by Copernicus from the imaginary chain which had been conceived as holding it in the centre of the universe, that it became possible to form any conception of the distances at which the stars lie from us.

36. By reason of the traces of the awful earthquake of 1812, which did its work with suddenness, almost as appalling as that which destroyed Manilla, the environs of the capital are sadly interesting.

37. Well, sir, I (who am a very quiet, and, I believe, inoffensive man, whose only wish in life is to be allowed to sit in a corner, out of other people's way, and read books,) I had occasion to drive across Hyde Park on the afternoon of Tuesday, the day after the storm, in company with my wife, who, as is her wont, was giving me, who am somewhat infirm of foot, the benefit of a lift to my club - a literary club, as harmless and colorless as myself, and when fairly in the park I found that, though the great storm was over, the waves were very far from gone down: angry little surface-waves, different enough from the grand natural heaving of the true popular

sea.

38. By the time I had taken five bottles, I found myself completely cured, after having been brought so near to the gate of death, by means of your invaluable medicine.

39. An extensive view is presented from the fourth story of the Delaware River.

40. His remains were committed to that bourne whence no traveller returns, attended by his family.

41. If the gentleman who keeps a store in Cedar Street, with a red head, will return the umbrella he borrowed from a lady, with an ivory handle, he will hear of something to his advantage.

42. Wanted a groom to take charge of two horses of a serious turn of mind.

43. He walked toward the table and took up his hat and bade adieu to his host and took his departure.

44. As I was on the express train, I watched the conductor passing through the cars, collecting the tickets from the way passengers, and punching the through ones.

45. All persons must detest traitors who possess any love of country whatever.

46. John is the best boy in the village that attends the academy. 47. The books treat of trees that are on the fourth shelf.

48. Her apron was torn by a little dog, that was trimmed with pink and white braid.

49. William Penn gave this advice to his children: Let your industry and parsimony go no further than for a sufficiency for life, and to make a provision for your children, and that in moderation, if the Lord gives you any.

50. Why, our cook (she's fifty, if she's a day) got a bonnet just like mine, (the materials were cheaper, but the effect was the same,) and had the impertinence (servants have no idea of their place in this country) to wear it before my face.

51. If some men, according to the fashionable metaphor, are square, while others are round, the Right Hon. Robert Lowe must be described as multangular, with whom it is not easy to live comfortably and at peace.

52. Mrs. Ingram, a most estimable lady, widow of the late proprietor, who was a member from Boston, and died last year, is the sole owner of the Illustrated London News.

53. It was midnight - the very hour at which (with a punctuality few of them have exhibited in the flesh) spirits invariably revisit (what can be the attraction in many cases?) their former abodes. 54. The heavenly bodies are in motion perpetually.

55. Not only did he find her busy, but pleased and happy ever. 56. I have done that which I have spoken to thee of. 57. Poverty wants some things; the avaricious want all things.

58. The public is interested in knowing who is the rascal, as he charges, who is drawing thousands of dollars in sinecures from the public purse.

59. I move the appointment of a committee to report what alterations are necessary to the next General Assembly.

60. They expect the overthrow of all the old traditions of a race, whose religion, customs, and laws run from time immemorial, in the twinkling of an eye.

61. The reformation of John Wickliffe, which had begun just before he ascended the throne, was, during his reign, preparing the way for religious revolutions in the future.

62. Edward I. had in his youth rescued the crown from the presumptuous Leicester, and had replaced it upon the head of his weak but well-meaning father.

63. Henry Beaufort, the illegitimate brother of Bolingbroke, afterwards the stern and cruel judge by whose sentence the Maid of Orleans was brought to an unworthy death, became the tutor of the prince.

64. When young Henry was eleven years of age, in the year before the revolution which brought his father to the throne, Beaufort, who had been made chancellor of the University of Oxford, took him under his care at Queen's College.

65. Although the king treated his kinsman with much courtesy, he evidently regarded him as a pledge of safety.

66. Henry was conveyed by the king's order to the castle of Tryon, where he and his cousin, young Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, were put in easy confinement.

67. He was shocked that one who had in every way sought his love by gentle kindness, should be deprived of power and liberty by his own nearest kinsman.

68. Yet it was natural for him to conceal whatever sadness he might entertain on account of the misfortune of his friend, in the brilliant scenes of which he was the principal actor.

69. His presence in company with the new king, gave additional éclat to the usurpation; for he was looked upon as innocent of the stain, and his youth and beauty elicited the enthusiasm of the populace, who were now to regard him as their future monarch.

70. Both body and mind were patient under hardships, whether voluntary or under necessity endured.

71. He was impatient, in the generosity of his nature, of that praise which sought him out in injustice of those who had really triumphed.

72. No man went from his presence with anger in his breast.

73. The intimacy of a prince of the blood royal with common per sons would be noticed enough to build such traditions upon, and we may be sure, that had Henry really been guilty of drunkenness, burglary, and carousing, we should have had the fact duly authenticated by the gossiping chroniclers of the day.

74. One of the most extraordinary men of that, perhaps of any age, appeared to annoy Henry the Fourth, from this time almost to the day of his death. A rebellion headed by him, took its rise, to keep which in abeyance drained the resources of England, and which at times absolutely threatened the integrity of the throne.

75. Owen himself seems to have in a manner retired from the command, and to have delegated his authority to a brave lieutenant, Rees ap Griffith, who was not, however, inclined to resume that rash mode of warfare which had made Owen so famed a leader.

76. The king grew prematurely old under the unusual weight of his cares, and the anxieties which would naturally depress one who held his crown by an uncertain tenure.

77. Chivalry thus illustrated its most stately adornments, and the barbarities of which its concomitants almost compel admiration.

78. Thus Pedro threw away the very friendship without which he would still have been an exile, the alienation of which left him exposed without defence to that resistless home party, which still clung to his brother Henry.

79. An opportunity very soon presented itself, and we arrive at that romantic episode in the history of those times, in which were cast the obtrusive events of John of Gaunt's career, and which have been most efficacious to preserve his name and deeds to later generations.

80. Hume says that John of Gaunt was not even enterprising ; but he must mean that he was not ambitious of the crown, nor of the direction of the government; for his life was one of almost ceaseless activity.

CHAPTER IV.

FIGURES.

Relation of the Subject to those which precede. In the expression of thought, it is the business of the writer or the speaker, first to obtain the words needed, and then to arrange them into completed expressions. These two points have been already discussed in the chapters on Diction and Sentences. Words are the brick and mortar, sentences are the finished walls, of the mental fabric. But Rhetoric, no less than architecture, needs something more than bare walls. It has, equally with the sister art, its arabesques and mosaics, its arches and columns, its lights and shadows, its curious tracery, its lines of grace and beauty, — its appeal, in short, to the taste and the imagination, as well as to the understanding. We wish, in other words, not only to express our meaning, but to express it in forms which will make it more agreeable and attractive. In natural order, therefore, the next subject in Rhetoric, after Diction and Sentences, is the discussion of the various means by which we add to discourse graces and attractions beyond those derived from the bare expression of thought. Among these means none are more conspicuous than those known as Figures. To these, therefore, we shall now address

ourselves.

Definition of Figure.-A Figure, in Rhetoric, is some deviation from the plain and ordinary mode of expression, with a view of making the meaning more effective.

An Example.-If it is said, "A good man enjoys comfort in the midst of adversity," the thought is expressed in the simplest manner possible. But if we say, "To the upright there ariseth light in darkness," the same sentiment is expressed in a figurative style. There is a deviation from the plain and simple expression. Light is put in place of comfort, darkness in place of adversity, and this change in the mode of expression makes the idea more vivid.