owing to the freedom he used with respect to the edition of Petronius, edited by the younger Burman at Leyden; however, before he quitted it he took the degree of doctor of phyfic, which was given him in a manner which did him the highest honour. He then vifited different parts of Germany, till he at length fettled at Leipfic a fecond time. Here, for twelve years, notwithstanding he was made profeffor of Arabic, he experienced all the inconveniences of poverty, and was obliged to undergo a great deal of drudgery for bookfellers, and the editors of periodical publications, to procure a subfiftence; at this period in particular, the Acta Eruditorum were greatly indebted to him. Amidst all these hardthips, however, he found opportunity to write and to publish his " Animadverfiones in Auctores Græcos," in five volumes; a work of extraordinary learning and merit. In 1758, by the death of Haltaufius, he obtained a fituation at once honourable and lucrative, which placed him above want, and enabled him to follow his favourite pursuits at eafe. He was made rector of the academy at Leipfic, in which office he continued till the time of his death. In 1:94, he married Erneftina Christina Muller, a woman of wonderful attainments, whofe knowledge was hardly inferior to his own, and particularly in Greek literature. She affifted him in all his literary labours, and efpecialy in his immortal work of the "Edition of the Greek Orators." Thus, in the manner most grateful to himself, Reifke confumed the remainder of his life, which continued till 1774, when he died poffeffed of the highest reputation. The number of works which he fuperintended and published is very great; but it will be fufficient to name those which are moft fought after and efteemed. Thefe are, the "Remarks upon Greek Authors," before mentioned. An "Edition of the Greek Orators," in 12 vols. 8vo, which was finished by his widow." Dionyfius Halicarnaffenfis," in 7 vols. "Plutarch's Works," in 9 vols. "Theocritus, &c. &c." This John James Reifke muft not be confounded with John Reiske, rector of the college of Wolfenbuttel, who was also a learned man, and publifhed various works.

RELAND (HADRIAN), an eminent orientalift and very learned man, was born at Rvp, a village in North-Holland, July 17, 1676. His father was minifter of that village, but afterwards removed to Alkmaar, and then to Amfterdam. In this laft city Reland was educated with infinite care, and at eleven years of age, having paffed through the ufual courfes at fchool, was placed in the college under Surenhufius. During three years of study under this profeffor, he made a vaft progress in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, and Arabic languages; and at his leifure-hours applied himself to poetry,

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in which he fucceeded very well. At fourteen, he was fent to Utrecht; where he ftudied under Grævius and Leufden, perfected himself in the Latin and Oriental tongues, and applied himself alfo to philofophy, in which he took the degree of doctor. At feventeen, he entered upon divinity under the direction of Herman Witfius and others; but did not abandon the Oriental languges, which were always his favourite study. After he had refided fix years at Utrecht, his father fent him to Leyden, to continue his theological ftudies under Frederic Spanheim and others; where he foon received the offer of a profefforfhip at Linden, either in philofophy or the Oriental languages. He would have accepted it, though but just two and twenty; but his father's ill ftate of health would not allow him to remove fo far from Amfterdam. In 1699, he was elected profeffor of philofophy at Harderwick, but did not continue there long; for, king William having recommended him to the magiftrates of Utrecht, he was offered in 1701 the profefforship of Oriental languages and ecclefiaftical antiquities, which he readily accepted. In 1703, he took a wife, by whom he had three children. In 1713, a fociety for the advancement of Chriftian knowledge was established in England, as was that for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts the year after; of both which Reland became a member. He died of the small-pox, at Utrecht, Feb. 5, 1718, in his 42d year. He was a man of an excellent difpofition, and of great humanity and modefty. He had a correfpondence with the most eminent scholars of

his time.

He wrote and published a great number of works, in order to promote and illuftrate facred and Oriental learning; the chief of which are these. "De Religione Mohammedica libri duo, 1705," 12mo. The first book contains a short account of the faith of the Mahometans, in an Arabic manufcript with a Latin tranflation; the second vindicates them from doctrines and imputations falfely charged upon them. A fecond edition, with great additions, was printed in 1717, 12mo. "Differtationum Mifcellanearum Partes Tres, 1706, 1707, 1708," in 3 vols. 12mo. There are thirteen differtations upon the following curious fubjects: "De fitu Paradifi Terreftris," De Mari Rubro;" "De Monte Garizim;" "De Ophir," "De Diis Cabiris;" "De Veteri Lingua Indica ;' "De Samaritanis ;"" De Reliquiis veteris linguæ Perficæ;" "De Perficis vocabulis Talmudis;' "De jure Militari Mohammedanorum contra Chriftianos bellum gerentium;" "De linguis Infularum quarundam orientalium;" "De linguis, Americanis;" "De Gemmis Arabicis." His next work was, "Antiquitates Sacræ Veterum Hebræorum,

1708," 12mo; but the best edition is that of 1717, 12m0, there being many additions. Then he published," Differtatationes Quinque de Nummis veterum Hebræorum, qui ab infcriptarum literarum forma Samaritani appellantur. Accedit differtatio de marmoribus Arabicis Puteolanis, 1709," 12mo. But his greateft work was, "Palæftina ex monumentis veteribus illuftrata, & chartis Geographicis accuratioribus adornata. Traject. 1714," 2 vols. 4to. This edition is fuperior in all refpects to that of Nuremberg, 1716, 4to. "De Spoliis Templis Hierofolymitani in arcu Titiano Romæ confpicuis liber, cum figuris, 1716," 12mo.

Reland published many fmaller things of his own, among which were Latin poems and orations; and was alfo concerned as an editor of books written by others. His works are all in Latin, and neatly printed.

REMBRANDT (VAN REIN), a Flemish painter of great eminence, was the fon of a miller, and born near Leyden in 1606. He is one of those who owed all the skill in his profeffion to the ftrength of his own genius; for, the advantages of education were few or none to him. His turn lay power. fully towards painting, infomuch that he feems to have been incapable of learning any thing elfe; and it is faid, that he could scarcely read. We must not, therefore, expect to find correctness of design, or a gufto of the antique, in the works of this painter. He had old pieces of armour, old inftruments, old head-dreffes, and abundance of old ftuff of various forts, hanging up in his work-fhop, which he faid were his antiques. His fole aim was to imitate living nature, such as it appeared to him; and the living nature, which he had continually before his eyes, being of the heavy kind, it is no wonder, that he fhould imbibe, as he did, the bad taste of his country. Nevertheless, he formed a manner entirely new and peculiar to himself; and drew abundance of portraits with wonderful ftrength, fweetnefs, and refemblance. Even in his etching, which was dark, and as particular as his style in painting, every individual ftroke did its part, and expreffed the very flesh, as well as the fpirit, of the perfons it reprefented. The union and harmony in all his compofitions are fuch as are rarely to be found in other masters. He underftood the Claro Obfcuro in the higheft degree: his local colours are a help to each other, and appear beft by comparison; and his carnations are as true, as fresh, and as perfect, as Titian's.

There was as great a fingularity in the behaviour of this painter, as in his tafte and manner of painting: and he was an humourist of the first order, though a man of sense and a fine genius. He affected an old-fashioned flovenly dress, and

loved mean and pitiful company, though he had got fubstance enough to keep the beft. Some of his friends telling him of it, he answered, "When I have a mind to unbend and refresh my mind, I feek not honour fo much as liberty:" and this humour he indulged, till, as it ufually happens, he reduced his fortunes to a level with the pooreft of his companions. He died in 1668; "for nothing more to be admired," fays a certain writer," than for his having heaped up a noble treasure of Italian prints and drawings, and making no better ufe of them."

RENAUDOT (THEOPHRASTUS), a phyfician, and a man learned in many refpects; and who diftinguished himfelf by being the first author of Gazettes in France in 1631, and by fome literary productions. Theophraftus was born at Loudun in 1583, and died at Paris, where he had spent the greatest part of his life, in 1653.

RENAUDOT (EUSEBIUS), a French writer, very learned in Oriental hiftory and languages, was born at Paris in 1646; and, being taught claffical literature by the Jefuits, and philofophy in the college of Harcourt, afterwards entered into the congregation of the oratory, where he did not continue long. His father being first phyfician to the dauphin, he was early introduced to fcenes, where his parts, his learning, and his politenefs, made him admired. His reputation was afterwards advanced and established by feveral learned works, which he published. In 1700, he attended cardinal de Noailles to Rome; and received great honours, together with the priory of Froffay in Bretany, from pope Clement V. Returning by Florence he was honoured in the fame manner by the great duke; and was alfo made a member of the academy de la Crufca. On his return to France, he devoted himself entirely to letters, and compofed a great number of learned differtations, which are printed in the "Memoirs of the Academy of Infcriptions," of which he was a member, as well as of the Frency academy. He died in 1720, with high fentiments of devotion. Voltaire fays, that "he may be reproached with having prevented Bayle's Dictionary from being printed in France."

RESENIUS (PETER JOHN), Counsellor and profeffor at Copenhagen, at which place he was born in 1625. His father and his two grandfathers had been bishops of Sealand. He ftudied the Belles Lettres and the Civil Law at Leyden, for four years; after which he travelled into France, Spain, and Italy. At Padua, he was made counfellor of the German nation, and fyndic of the university, and might, if he had pleased, been made knight of St. Mark. Returning to Denmark, he was made profeffor of moral philofophy at Copen

hagen,

hagen, in 1657; then conful, counsellor of the fupreme council, and finally, prefident of Copenhagen, and counsellor of Juftice. He had afterwards a grant of nobility, and at length counsellor of ftate. He prefented his valuable library to the university of Copenhagen, a catalogue of which has been published. He was author of various works of greater or lefs merit; the principal of which is the "Edda Iflandorum Inorroum Iflandice, Danice et Latine, cum præfacione duplici. Lexicon flandicum, a Gudmundo Andree Iflando fcriptum, a Referio auctum." He died in 1588.

RESSIUS (RUTGER), greek-profeffor at Louvain, at the end of the 15th century. He was fo learned a man, that Erafmus thus expreffes himself concerning him. "Doctior an inveniri poffit nefcio, certè diligentiorem ac moribus puriorem vix invenias." He published the "Aphorifins of Hippocrates," and other works, and died in 1545.

REUCHLIN (JOHN), a learned German, who contributed much to the reftoration of letters in Europe, was born at Pforzheim in 1450. His parents, perceiving in him good parts and a turn to books, were eafily perfuaded to give him a liberal education, at a time when learning and the fciences, by being fo rarely met with, were fo much efteemed and honoured. He went to Paris, then the feat of literature in thefe western parts, with the bishop of Utrecht; where he ftudied grammar under Joannes à Lapide, rhetoric under Gaguinus, Greek under Tiphernas, and Hebrew under Weffelus. Being returned to his own country, he took the degree of doctor in philofophy at Bafil, where he lived four years; then went to Orleans to ftudy the law, and was admitted doctor in 1479. He taught the Greek language at Orleans, as he had done at Bafil; and compofed and printed a grammar, a lexicon, fome vocabularies, and other works of a like nature, to facilitate the ftudy of that language. He gained prodigious reputation by this; for, the knowledge of the two languages was at that time fo rare an accomplishment, that it was actu aily made a title of honour. This appears from the following infcription of a letter: "Andronicus Contoblacas, natione Grecus, utriufque linguæ peritus, Joanni Reuchlino," &c. that is, "Andronicus Contoblacas, a Greek, fkilled in both languages, to John Reuchlin," &c.

After fome time, Eberhard count of Wirtemberg being to make the tour of Italy, Reuchlin was pitched upon among others to attend him; chiefly becaufe, during his refidence in France, he had corrected his own German pronunciation of the Latin, which appeared fo rude and favage to the Italians. They were handfomely received at Florence by Laurence de Medicis, the father of Leo X. and became acquainted with

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many