1563, between Charles IX. and the Proteftants, he again took poffeffion of his employment, maintained himself in it with vigour, and was particularly zealous in promoting the ftudy of the mathematics. This lafted till the fecond civil war in 1567, when he was forced to leave Paris, and shelter himfelf among the Huguenots, in whofe army he was at the battle of St. Denys. Peace having been concluded fome months after, he was reftored to his profefforfhip; but, forefeeing that the war would foon break out again, he did not care to venture himself in a fresh ftorm, and therefore obtained the king's leave to vifit the univerfities of Germany. He accordingly undertook this journey in 1568, and received very great honours wherever he came. He returned to France, after the third war in 1571; and loft his life miferably, in the maffacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. It is faid, that he was concealed in a cellar during the tumult; but dragged thence at the inftigation of fome peripatetic doctors who hated him. He gave a good quantity of money to the affaffins, in order to procure his escape, but in vain: for, after wounding him in many places, they threw him out of a window; and, his bowels gufhing out in the fall, fome Ariftotelian scholars, encouraged by their mafters, fpread them about the streets; then dragged his body in a moft ignominious manner, and threw it into the Seine. He was a great orator, a man of univerfal learning, and endowed with very fine qualities. He was free from avarice, fober, temperate, and chafte. His temperance was very exemplary. He contented himself with only boiled meat, and ate but little at dinner: he drank no wine for twenty years, and would never have drunk any, if the phyficians had not prefcribed it. He lay upon ftraw; ufed to rife very early, and to study all day; and led a fingle life with the utmoft purity. He was zealous for the Proteftant religion, but at the fame time a little obftinate, and given to contradiction. The Proteftant minifters did not love him much, for he made himself a kind of head of a party, to change the difcipline of the Proteftant churches; that is, he was for introducing a democra tical government in the church; but his defign was traversed and defeated in a national fynod. He publifhed a great num-. ber of books; but mathematics were chiefly obliged to him. His writing was scarcely legible, and gave the printers prodigious trouble. His fect flourished pretty much for fome time: it was not known in Spain and Italy, made little progrefs in. France, but fpread very much in Scotland and England, and ftill more in Germany; as appears from many books, which feveral German Ariftotelians published against the Ramilts. RANDOLPH RANDOLPH (THOMAS), an English poet, was the fon of a fteward to Edward lord Zouch; and born in Northamptonthire (Wood fays, at Newnham near Daintry; Langbaine, at Houghton) in 1605. He was educated at Weftminfter-school, and thence elected, in 1623, as one of the king's scholars to Trinity college in Cambridge; of which he became fellow, and took a mafter of arts degree. He was accounted one of the most pregnant wits of his time, and greatly admired by all the poets and men of parts. He was diftinguished early for an uncommon force of genius; having, when he was not more than ten years old, written "The History of the Incarnation of our Saviour" in verfe. Ben Jonfon was fo exceedingly fond of him, that he adopted him as one of his fons; on which account Randolph wrote a gratulatory poem to him, which is printed among his works. Like a true poet, Randoph had a thorough contempt for wealth, and has hearty a love of pleasure; and this drew him into exceffes, which made his life very fhort. He died in 1634, when he had not completed his 30th year. His "Mule's Looking-Glafs," a comedy, is well known: he was the author of other dramatic performances, which with his poems were collected, and publifhed in one volume, by his brother Robert Randolph; the fifth edition of which, with feveral additions, corrected and amended, was printed in 1664, 8vo. Robert was alfo a good poet, as appears from several copies of his verses printed in various books. He was a student of Chrift-Church in Oxford, where he took a bachelor of arts degree in 1627; and afterwards became vicar of Donnington in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1671, aged about 60. RANDOLPH (THOMAS), a Kentifh gentleman, who was made ftudent of Chrift-Church, when Henry VIII. turned it into a cathedral; and principal of Broadgate-hall in 1549, being then a doctor of law. In the reign of queen Elizabeth, he was employed in feveral embaffies to Scotland, France, and Ruffia; and not only knighted, but preferred to fome confiderable places. He died in 1590, aged 60. We have of his, "An Account of his Emballage to the Emperor of Ruffia, anno 1568;" which may be feen in the first volume of Hakluyt's "Voyages, Lond. 1598," and, "Inftructions given to, and Notes to be obferved by, certain perfons, for the fearching of the fea and border of the coaft, from the River Pechora to the Eastward, anno 1588 " RANTZAN (JOSIAS), lord of Bredenbourgh, and com、 mander in chief of the Danish army in the reign of Fre deric I. and Chriftian III. He was a great general and excel. lent ftatefman. By his valour and fagacity he fecured the liberties of his country against all the efforts of the depofed B 4. tyrant tyrant Christian II. He alfo deferves a place in this volume, as having been the chief intrument in establishing the Protestant religion in Denmark. He died in 1565. RAPHAEL, an illuftrious painter of Italy, was born at Urbin, on Good Friday, 1483. His father was an ordinary painter: his mafter, Pietro Perugino. Having a penetrating understanding, as well as a fine genius for painting, he foon perceived that the perfection of his art was not confined to Perugino's capacity; and therefore went to Siena, in order to advance himfelf. Here Pinturrichio got him to be employed in making the cartoons for the pictures of the library; but he had fcarcely finished one, before he was tempted to remove to Florence by the great noife which Leonardo da Vinci's and Michael Angelo's works made at that time. As foon as he had confidered the manner of thofe illuftrious painters, he refolved to alter his own, which he had learned of Perugino. His pains and care were incredible; and he fucceeded accordingly. He formed his gufto after the ancient ftatues and bas reliefs, which he defigned a long time with extreme application; and, befides this, he hired people in Greece and Italy to defign for him all the antique pieces that could he found. Thus he raifed hinfelf presently to the top of his profeffion. By the general confent of mankind, he is acknowledged to have been the prince of modern painters, and is oftentimes ftyled "The Divine Raphael:" as if, for the inimitable graces of his pencil, and for the excellence of his genius, he had fomething more than human in his compofition. "He furpaffed," fays a connoiffeur, "all modern painters, because he poffeffed more of the excellent parts of painting than any other; and it is believed that he equalled the ancients, excepting that he defigned not naked bodies with fo much learning as Michael Angelo: but his gufto of design is purer, and much better. He painted not with fo good, fo full, and fo graceful, a manner as Corregio; nor has he any thing of the contraft of the lights and fhadows, or so strong and free a colouring, as Titian: but he had without comparifon a better difpofition in his pieces, than either Titian, Corregio, Michael Angelo, or all the reft of the fucceeding painters to our days. His choice of attitudes, of heads, of ornaments, the fuitableness of his drapery, his manner of defigning, his varieties, his contrafts, his expreffions, were beautiful in perfection; but, above all, he poffeffed the graces in fo advantageous a manner, that he has never fince been equalled by any other." Raphael was not only the beft painter in the world, but perhaps the beft architect alfo: he was at least fo admirable a one, that Leo X. charged him with the building of St. Peter's church shurch at Rome. He was one of the handfomeft and besttempered men living: fo that, with all thefe natural and acquired accomplishments, it cannot be wondered, that he was not only beloved in the highest degree by the popes Julius II. and Leo X. at home, but admired and courted by all the princes and states of Europe. He lived in the greatest state and fplendor imaginable, most of the eminent masters in his time being ambitious of working under him; and he never went out without a crowd of artists and others, who attended and followed him purely through refpect. Cardinal Bibiano offered him his niece in marriage, and Raphael engaged himfelf; but, Leo X. having given him hopes of a cardinal's hat, he made no hafte to marry her. His paffion for the fair fex deftroyed him in the flower of his age: for, one day, after he had abandoned himself to exceffive venery, he was feized with a fever; and, concealing the true caufe of his diftemper from his phyficians, he was fuppofed to be improperly treated, and fo carried off. He died upon his birth-day in 1520. Carninal Bembo wrote his epitaph, which is to be feen upon his tomb in the church of the Rotunda at Rome, where he was buried. Here are two lines of it: Ille hic eft Raphael, timuit quo fofpite vinci Rerum magna parens, et moriente mori. Raphael had many fcholars; but Julio Romano was his favourite, because he did him moft credit. Pouffin used to say of Raphael, that "he was an angel compared with the modern painters, but an afs in comparison of the ancients :" but all fuch fayings are extravagant and abfurd. RAPHELENGIUS (FRANCIS), a Fleming, celebrated for his fkill in the Oriental languages, ftudied at Paris, whence he was driven by the Civil Wars into England, where he taught Greek in the Univerfity of Cambridge. He was for a confiderable time corrector of the prefs to the famous Chriftopher Plantin, whofe daughter he married. He had a great hand in the famous Antwerp bible, published in the original Hebrew by Benedictus Arius Montanus, with an interlineary verfion. He made a great proficiency in the Arabic, and compofed a dictionary in that language. In the latter part of his life he refided at Leyden, where the Hebrew profefforship was conferred upon him by the curators of that Univerfity. The many notes and corrections which he fupplied for the learned works of Plantin, to which he was too modest to affix his name, were fufficient to have tranfmitted him with honour to pofterity. He died the 20th of July, 1597. RAPIN (NICOLAS), born at Poitou, and for a time the favourite of his fovereign Henry III.; but being disgufted with the furious bigotry of the leaguers was by them driven from Paris. Henry the Fourth reftored him to his office of grand prevot; but his great age induced him to return to his native country, where he died in 1609. He was an accomplished and elegant poet; and his works confifting of epigrams, odes, and elegies, were published in 1610. He endeavoured to banish rhime from French verfe, and to construct it on the models of Greek and Roman poetry, which, fay the authors of the "Dictionnaire Hiftorique, &c." is contrary to the genius of the French language. His epigrams are particularly esteemed. He left this epigram on himfelf in allution to his office of grand prevot, as well as to his literary purfuits. Tandem Rapinus hic quiefcit ille, qui Mufæ ad fepulchrum Gallicæ et Latinæ gemant. : RAPIN (RENATUS), a French jefuit, famous for his skill in claffical learning, was born at Tours in 1621, and entered into the fociety at eighteen. He taught polite literature for nine years he made it his particular ftudy, and thewed by fome Latin productions, that he was able to write on the finest fubjects with great art and eloquence. He excelled in Latin poetry, and published various pieces in it: the principal of which was, "Hortorum libri quatuor;" a work, which has been much admired and applauded. It was firft printed at Paris 1665, and afterwards re-printed with alterations and corrections by the author. An English verfion of it was made and published at London in 1673, 8vo, by John Evelyn, efq. and again, in 1706, by Mr. James Gardiner of Jefus college in Cambridge. All his Latin poems, confifting of odes, epitaphs, facred eclogues, and these four books upon Gardens, were collected and published at Paris 1681, in 2 vols. 12mo. He applied himself afterwards to write in French, and fucceeded very well in that language. He wrote in it feveral treatises upon polite literature, and upon pious fubjects, which met with a good reception from the public. The treatises on polite literature, having been pubÎifhed at various times, were collected and published, 1684, in 2 vols. 4to, at Paris; and at Amfterdam, in 2 vols. 8vo. They were tranflated into English by Bafil Kennet and others, and publifhed in 1705, in 2 vols. 8vo, under the title of "The Critical Works of Monf. Rapin." The first volume contains |