ETYMOLOGY.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

Of what does etymology treat?
What is a part of speech? Name the parts of speech. What is a noun? Wh
Into how many classes are words divided
A common noun? A collective noun? An abstract nou

is a proper noun?

A quantitive noun?

What is a pronoun? Into how many classes are pronouns divided? What i a personal pronoun? Name the personal pronouns. What are compound persona pronouns? Name the compound personal pronouns. personal pronouns used? For what are compoun

What is a relative pronoun ?

a relative proposition? Name the relative pronouns. To what is who applied That? What? When is that a relative? Is the ante What is a compound relative pronoun? When ar

What is the preceding noun called? What i

To what is which applied?
cedent always expressed?

compound relative pronouns used?

What is an interrogative pronoun?

When is who called an indefinite pronoun?

When may as be regarded as a relative pronoun?

Than?

What is number? What does the singular number denote? What the plural number? What is the regular mode of forming the plural? When is es added? How do nouns ending in o form the plural? Nouns ending in y?

What is gender? What nouns are of the masculine gender? Of the feminine gender? Of the common gender? Of the neuter gender?

What is case? the possessive case in the singular number formed? In the plural number? What What is the nominative case? The possessive case? How is is the objective case?

What is person? When is a noun of the first person? Of the second person? Of the third person? What word is of the first person? What word is of the second person? What words are of the third person? When is a relative

of the first person? Of the second person? When of the third?
What is declension?

pronoun

ADJECTIVES.

An ADJECTIVE is a word joined to a noun to show the extent of its application or to denote some quality of the object; as, "A good boy, a sweet apple, one book, this man, all men."

CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES.

There are two classes of adjectives; qualifying adjectives and limiting adjectives.

A QUALIFYING ADJECTIVE denotes some quality belonging to the object; as, "A bad road, a ripe nut, a violent storm."

A LIMITING ADJECTIVE shows the extent of the application of the noun; as, "One book, the book, the first man, that thing, forty thieves."

Remarks.-1. A qualifying adjective not only denotes a quality belonging to the object, but at the same time it limits the application of the noun. Thus, the expression, "a red apple," does not apply to so many objects as the word apple does; since there are not so many red apples as there are apples. The more adjectives we add to the noun, the fewer objects we include. The expression, "a sweet, mellow, red apple," comprehends more qualities than "a red apple," but does not extend to so many objects.

2. This is what is meant when it is said that adjectives increase the comprehension but diminish the extension of nouns. Limiting adjectives affect only the extension; the expression, forty thieves, does not extend to so many objects as the word thieves does, though it comprehends no more qualities.

3. Limiting adjectives used in counting and numbering are called numeral adjectives; as, one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.

Adjectives derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives; as, American, from America.

4. The limiting adjectives, each, every, either, neither, former, latter, some, other, any, one, all, such, none, this, that, and the plural forms, these, those, are sometimes called adjective pronouns.

5. The reason given for this is that they sometimes belong to nouns, like adjectives, and at other times stand for nouns, like pronouns. Thus, in this sentence, "Each man has his faults," each belongs to the noun man; but if man is omitted, it is said that each stands for man; as, "Each has his faults."

6. But the omission of the noun can not change these adjectives to pronouns. Other adjectives might be called pronouns on the same grounds. Thus, good might be called a pronoun in this sentence, "The good may err," because persons is omitted.

7 This and that are the only adjectives which have a different form before plural nouns.

8. None is used for no when the noun is omitted; no being always used when the noun is expressed. Thus, "No person is so deaf as he that will not hear." "None is so deaf as he that will not hear." None in this case should be parsed as belonging to person understood. This word was formerly used when the noun was expressed; as, "We shall have none end."-Bacon. None is used when the noun comes first; as, "Friend there was none to help him."

9. Nouns become adjectives when used to qualify other nouns: "A gold cup;" "Kentucky girls."

EXERCISES.

1. Tell which of the following words are adjectives and to what nouns they belong:

Amusing books. Beautiful rivers. Lofty mountains. Good boys. Warm days. Cold water. Bright faces. Bad hearts. Green leaves. Red flowers. Sweet peaches. Muddy streets. Tall girls. This river is beautiful.

These books are amusing. That mountain is lofty. Mary is amiable. Jane's face is bright. The road is muddy. The leaves are green. The flowers are red. Those boys are good. Charles is industrious. pears are ripe. Ice is cold.

Ten men. This boy. Every girl.
Every desk. Other lessons.

pupil.

Those pears.

The peaches are sweet.
Thomas is happy. The

No trees. One rabbit. Each
All women. These cherries.

Ten good men. That bad boy. These green berries. Two large bears. Three amusing books. That beautiful river. Every fair lady. No green tree. Seven sweet apples.

2. Join a qualifying adjective to each of the following nouns:

Table, chair, hat, cap, book, inkstand, pen, hand, hair, window, cat, knife, boy, girl, woman, man, bird, cow, horse, dog, coat.

3. Join a limiting adjective to each of the following:

Pen, gun, bullets, box, watch, table, birds, men, hand, gate, foot, feather, book, desk, window.

4. Join one qualifying and one limiting adjective to each of the following: Apple, pear, peach, road, street, town, bottle, fire, broom, balls, boxes, sash, ribbon.

5. Join a noun to each of the following adjectives:

Good, bad, fair, one, this, that, what, benevolent, happy, every, former, rich, poor, high, low, latter, tall, long-handed, weak-minded, weak, profitable, amusing, loving, Roman, American, English, Irish, Scotch, Parisian.

6. To what nouns do the adjectives in the following sentences belong?

You may take this book, and I will take that. Let me die the death of the righteous. The wicked are like the troubled ocean. Anne is a good, but Jane is a bad girl. Providence rewards the good but punishes the bad. What boy is that? What do I see? All have their faults. Round o and crooked s.

7. Use the following nouns in such a way as to make them adjectives: Silver, iron, Tennessee, Ohio, paper, silk, cotton, cloth, leather, tin, Louisville, Jeffersonville.

8. Tell which of the following words in italics are nouns and which are adjectives:

He is an honest man. I like his honesty. She uttered a joyful cry. How great was her joy! He has a hard heart. He shows the hardness of his heart. This luxuriant growth is owing to the richness of the soil. The luxuriance of this growth is owing to the rich soil. His happiness is unalloyed. He is a very happy boy.

The limiting adjectives an or a and the are sometimes called articles. (See Note G.)

The is called the definite article, and an or a the indefinite

When the definite article is used we refer to some particular object, or class of objects, either before spoken of or pointed out in some

other way.

When the indefinite article is used we refer to some one of a class but to no particular one.

The word book is applied to each one of a whole class of objects; if I say, "Give me a book," I call for any one of these objects; if I say, "Give me the book," I ask for some particular book.

When the noun is omitted one is used instead of an or a, and that or those instead of the; as, "If this is a sin, that is one," that is, a sin; "The life of Howard was that of a philanthropist," that is, the life of a philanthropist.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN AND A.

An is used before words beginning with vowel-sounds; as, "An apple, an enemy, an iron, an opinion, an uncle."

A is used before words beginning with consonant - sounds; as, "A bed, a tree, a castle, a garden."

Remarks. —1. The indefinite article originally meant one. An was formerly employed much more frequently than it is now; n is not added to a to form an, but it is dropped from an to make a.

2. In some words beginning with h this letter is silent, and the first sound being a vowel-sound, an is used, and not a; as, "An hour."

3. Some words whose first letter is a vowel commence with a consonant-sound, and consequently a, and not an, is used before them; as, “A university, a eunuch, a ewe, many a one.' University, eunuch, and ewe are pronounced as if they commenced with y, and one is pronounced wun.

4. An is used before words beginning with h not silent if the accent is on the second syllable; as, "An heroic action, an historical romance."

5. The sound of h is weaker—that is, the breath is less forcibly emitted-when the word is accented on the second syllable than when the accent is on the first. The word historical seems almost to begin with a vowel-sound.

6. A word whose primary accent is on the third or fourth syllable has a secondary accent on the first, and a is used before such a word if it begins with h; as, “A hypothetical cause."

EXERCISES.

Correct whatever errors occur in the following:

A apple. An peach. An yeoman. An hireling. A adjective. An hand. A article. An man. A umpire. An Hindoo. A army. An being.

A hour. An horse. A heir. A honest man.

A herb. An holiday.
An holy man.

An union. Many an one. An university. An unicorn.

act.

An useful man.

A honorable person.

An unit. An ewer.

An uniform appearance. An useless .

An European. An hard nut.