his claim. He is ready to give assistance to whoever gives assistance to
him. I am pleased with what he has done. He is pleased with whatever
is done to -please him. How many people are busy in this world in
gathering together a handful of thorns to sit upon!-Jeremy Taylor.
[Remark 7.] He was rejected because of his impertinence. He
shall read it instead of you. The monkey is sitting astride of the dog.
Some future time, if so indeed you will,

You may with those self-styled our lords ally
Your fortunes.—Tennyson.

[Remark 10.] He went home. He walked five miles. Two days, as many nights he slept. His spear was sixteen feet long. He is a great deal worse. The painter flattered her a little. I will not be a step behind. The cheapest of us ten groats too dear.-Shakespeare. I would not care a pin if the other three were in.-Id. It does not matter one marble splinter.-Ruskin.

[Remark 11.] The knife is not worth fifty cents. The good man is now near the time of his departure. This book is worth its weight in gold. Soldiers in peace are like chimneys in summer.

[Remark 12.] It is known all the world over. Whom did you give the letter to? From peak to peak, the rattling crags among, leaps the live thunder.-Byron. They sat in silent watchfulness the sacred cypress-tree about.- Whittier.

2. Correct the errors:

She spoke to he and I. She spoke to him and I. To who did you speak? Who did you speak to? It was divided between he and I. It was divided between him and I. Between you and I, he is not honest. From he that is needy turn not away. It is addressed to you and I. She'd make two of she.

[Remark 8.] What use is it to try? He is not worthy your protection. He lives on this side the mountains? It was the size of a piece of chalk. He was prevented crossing the stream. The Jews were banished Rome. The tree was three feet diameter. It was nine feet circumference.

[Remark 13.] He plies the duke mornings and nights. He walks evenings and rides mornings. The proposed journey to a new world kept me awake nights.—Our Young Folks. Mab that plats the manes of horses nights. Sleeping within mine orchard, my custom always afternoons. This thy creature frequents my house nights. He sleeps days more than the wild-cat.

[Remark 14.] Where is my hat at? It is at here. Where is the rat at? There it is at. Where are my books and slate and cap at? Do you ask where they are at? They are at on that table.

RULE VII.

A noun annexed to another noun for the sake of explanation or emphasis must be in the same case; as, "This book belongs to Charles Thomson, him who was with me yesterday."

Remarks.-1. The noun annexed is said to be in apposition with the other.* The word apposition is derived from the Latin appositus, put to; the noun in apposition is put to the other.

2. The noun annexed must be in the same part of the sentence, subject or predicate, with the other noun.

3. This construction must not be confounded with that of the predicate-nominative (Rule II), or with that of the "factitive objective" (Rule V, Remark 11). A noun in apposition is put in the same part of the sentence with the other noun for the purpose of explanation, description, or emphasis; the predicate-nominative is not annexed to the subject, but is put in that part of the sentence by which something is affirmed. There may be a predicate-nominative without a subject. (See Rule II, Remark 3.) The factitive objective is not employed for the purpose of explanation, but to complete the idea begun by the verb. "The robbers made Valentine captain ;" that is, they made captain Valentine, or to coin a word for the purpose of illustration, they captainized Valentine. It is easy to see that the objective captain is more closely connected with the verb made than with the noun Valentine; as if the verb and the factitive objective were united to express the idea and the other objective made the object of this compound expression.

4. A noun is sometimes repeated for the sake of emphasis; as, "Company, villainous company, hath been the spoil of me."-Shakespeare. "I saw him before me, him who had desolated my peaceful home, him who had destroyed my happiness."

Some have asserted that this construction is not apposition; but as the noun is repeated for the sake of emphasis and the word as repeated must be in the same case with the word as first used, this is apposition. Compare "I saw him before me, the desolater of my peaceful home, the destroyer of my happiness."

5. A proposition may be in apposition with a noun; as, “This truth once known, to bless is to be blessed."

6. A noun may be in apposition with a proposition; as, "He recovered, a result that was not expected." Sometimes the noun refers to a part only of the preceding proposition; as, "He succeeded in dispelling their doubts, an object he had long kept steadily in view." In some cases at least it would be better to regard the noun as predicate-nominative after some form of the verb be. "He succeeded in dispelling their doubts, [which was] an object he had long kept steadily in view."

7. A plural noun is sometimes put in apposition with two or more nouns preceding it; as, "You and I and honest Casca, we have the falling sickness."-Shakespeare. "The study of the ancient writers, the rapid development of the powers of the modern languages, the unprecedented activity which was displayed in every department of literature, the political state of Europe, all these things gave to the teachers of the new theology an advantage."-Macaulay. "Patriotism, justice, generosity, all [these things] concurred."

*Some say "in apposition to," regarding the derivation of the word apposition; but the derivation does not always show what preposition is to be employed after a particular word; averse, for instance, signifies turned from, and yet we say averse to. A noun in apposition with another noun has a grammatical connection with it.

8. "The men went each [man] his own way;" "The men went out one [man] after another." Such constructions have been regarded by some as cases of apposition; but the noun understood is really the subject of a verb; as, "The men went, each [man went] his own way;" The men went out, one [man went out] after another."

9. The noun in apposition is sometimes placed before the other; as,

"A wandering harper, scorned and poor,

He begged his bread from door to door."-Scott.

10. The proper name of an object may be put in apposition with the common noun denoting the class; as, "The poet Thomson;" that is, the poet who is distinguished from other poets by the name Thomson. Or the common noun may be put in apposition with the proper name; as, “Thomson, the poet ;" that is, the Thomson who is distinguished from other Thomsons by being a poet.

11. The proper names of rivers are generally placed after the common noun river; as, “The river Thames;" that is, the river distinguished from other rivers by the name Thames. But in the United States the proper name is commonly placed first when rivers in the United States are spoken of; as, "The Mississippi River, the Ohio River, the Hudson River, the Alabama River," as if the proper name were an adjective; or perhaps the two words are regarded as one proper name, river in this form generally beginning with a capital letter. The same persons, however, that say "the Ohio River, the Mississippi River," place river before the names of rivers of other countries; as, "The river St. Lawrence, the river Amazon, the river Rhine, the river Danube, the river Jordan."

In "White River, Blue River, Red River, Black River, Salt River, Duck River," etc., the words White, Blue, etc., are adjectives denoting the color of the water or some other characteristic, and it may be that the existence of so many rivers in the United States with names of this kind has led to the placing of other distinctive names before the word river.

12. The proper names of places and months, instead of being put in apposition with the common nouns coming before them, are generally joined to these nouns by the preposition of; as, "The city of Nashville, the county of Jefferson, the state of Alabama." Sometimes the proper name is placed first, and the whole is taken as one name; as, "Jefferson County." In Ireland the proper name of the county is put in apposition with county; as, "County Cork." In England the word shire is united with the proper name so as to form a compound word; as, “Yorkshire, Devonshire, Worcestershire."

13. In designating a person we take the Christian (baptismal, given) name and the surname as one name; as, "John Smith."*

14. One possessive termination answers for more than one noun when the nouns in apposition are closely connected with the other nouns; as, "John the Baptist's head."

*Originally each person had but one name, the name given to him in childhood; but as it would happen that many persons would have the same name, John for instance, it would be found necessary to employ some terms to distinguish the different Johns from one another. One, being a smith, would be called John the smith (John Smith); another, being the son of Richard, would be called John Richard's son (John Richardson); another, being of very tall (or perhaps of very low) stature, would be called John the long fellow (John Longfellow.) In such use of the words smith, son, and fellow are in apposition with the noun John. In other instances adjectives would be used; as, Black John (John Black), etc. But when it has become fixed in the family the surname is part of the name of the person.

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the nouns in apposition:

Religion, the support of adversity, adorns prosperity. Have you read the life of the poet Thomson? See the beautiful flowers, the

attendants of spring.

And in thy right hand lead with thee

The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty.-Milton.
The harp, his sole remaining joy,

Was carried by an orphan boy.-Scott.

O Music, sphere-descended maid,

Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom's aid.-Collins.
On the Grampian hills

My father feeds his flock; a frugal swain,
Whose only care was to increase his store
And keep his only son, myself, at home.-Home.
The moonshine, stealing o'er the scene,
Had blended with the lights of eve;

And she was there, my hope, my joy,

My own dear Genevieve.-Coleridge.

[Remark 4.] They had in reserve a check which soon brought the fiercest and proudest king to reason, the check of physical force.— Macaulay. He pledges the dignity of his crown, that crown which had been committed to him for the weal of his people.—Id.

They are the lovely, they in whom unite

Youth's fleeting charms with virtue's lovely light.

[Remark 5.] The fact that he was present shows that he is guilty. Bulwer denies that Bacon is the author of the saying, "Knowledge is power."

[Remark 7.] Royalists, republicans, churchmen, sectaries, courtiers, patriots, all parties concurred.-Hume.

[Rem. 9.] Poor wanderers of a stormy day,

From wave to wave we're driven.-Moore.

2. Correct the errors:

You think me mad, I who am only useless and idle. Will you act thus toward me, I who have so often assisted you? I saw him before me, he who had since our first meeting continually contrived to pass some inappreciable slight upon me.-Lever. He is next in succession to the Earl of Berkeley, he who has not claimed the title.-R. Shelton Mackenzie. Had he really passed and left her, she who had done so much for him?-Mrs. Oliphant.

RULE VIII.

Adjectives belong to nouns expressed or understood.

Remarks.-1. This rule includes participles, which are verbal adjectives.

2. The adjective may be joined with the noun in the same part of the proposition, subject or predicate, in which case the quality is assumed to belong to the object; as, "That happy boy has gained a prize." Or it may be in the predicate, serving to complete the idea begun to be expressed by the verb, and thus modifying the verb to the grammatical subject of which it belongs; as, "That boy is happy;" "That boy feels happy;" "That boy has been made happy." In this case the quality is asserted to belong to the object.

3. An adjective may belong to any thing employed as a noun; an infinitive, a gerund, or a noun-proposition; as, "To return is impossible;" "Returning would be tedious;" "That any one should do so is surprising."

4. The adjective in connection with the infinitive or the gerund is sometimes used without reference to any particular object, to denote an abstract idea; as, "To be good is to be happy;" "Virtue consists in being good, not in appearing good." Such expressions have an indefinite reference to any or all objects that are capable of existing in the states mentioned.

5. "In mountain scenery the sublime prevails over the beautiful." In such expressions the adjective is used in the sense of an abstract noun. There is a reference to some very general idea, like that expressed by quality, characteristic, or some term more general still.

6. The noun is often omitted; as, "The wicked [persons] persecute the good [persons];" "Some [books] of these books are worthless;" "Judas was one of the twelve [apostles];" "Each [person] has his faults;" "He takes it for [a] granted [thing];" "He gave it up for [a] lost [thing];" "Make [yourself] sure of victory;" "He made [a] light [matter] of the whole thing;" "This plant is one* [plant] that grows rapidly;" "His end was that* [end] of a good man." (See p. 67, fourth paragraph.) "And, [which is] contrary to the king, his crown, and dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill."-Shakespeare.

It is not correct to say that the adjective in such expressions as "The wise are not thus deceived" is used as a noun. The adjective is still an adjective and may be modified by adverbs; as, "The truly wise are not thus deceived;" "The madly brave are fools."

7. Participles sometimes belong to some general word which is omitted; as, "[We, men, people] granting this to be true, what is the inference?" (See Rule III, Remark 2, p. 194.)

8. The adjective is generally placed before the noun; but there are some adjectives whose proper place is after the noun; as, "Pride alone urges him on." The adjective enough should never be placed before the noun; say "money enough," not "enough money."

9. An adjective modified by an adjunct, an infinitive, or a proposition is placed after the noun; "A woman devoted to fashion;" "A man worthy to be admired;" "A person conscious that he is in fault."

10. The adjective sometimes denotes what the object is made to be, in fact or in thought, by the action expressed by the verb, and then the adjective is placed after the noun; as, "This made the land fertile;" "She boiled the egg hard;" "He calls that man happy." The adjective thus employed is sometimes called the "factitive

*One and that are forms used only when the nouns are omitted; when the nouns are expressed a and the must be used.