13. It is generally only the direct object of a transitive verb in the active voice that becomes the subject of the verb in the passive voice; but in some cases the indirect object, or objective with a preposition implied, has been treated as the direct and made the subject of the verb in the passive voice; as, “They allowed him a seat," "He was allowed a seat;" "James gave me a book," "I was given a book by James;" "We forgave him the debt," "He was forgiven the debt."

This is the common construction with the verbs ask and teach, and it is sometimes used by good writers with other verbs; but in general the direct object of the verb in the active voice should be made the subject of the verb in the passive. Say, "A book was handed to me," not "I was handed a book;" "The office was promised to me," not "I was promised the office." A London correspondent of one of the New York journals writes, "As a lady was being shown through the show." This makes the lady a part of the show.

If it is desired to place the indirect object at the beginning of the proposition, the form may be changed; as, "He had a seat allowed him;" "He had the promise of the office."

14. Some object to such expressions as "You are mistaken," because, they say, "You are mistaken" means that you are misunderstood, not that you misunderstand; and they say the proper form is the active, "You mistake." But mistaken in such expressions means taken (led) amiss, led astray. "He was taken out of his way."

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the object of each transitive verb:

They met me in the day of success. I see them on their winding way. A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy his crimes. He who tells a lie is not sensible of how great a task he undertakes; for he must be forced to invent twenty more to maintain one. Among the base merit begets envy; among the noble, emulation.

[Remark 2.] George desires to learn. James said that he would go. Eliza loves to read. I know how you have struggled with misfortune. John has discovered whose book that is. You wish that she would stay. I prefer working in the garden.

[Remark 3.] Me he restored to mine office, and him he hanged. Thee have I always before my eyes. That man I have never seen before. Him who has offended you should punish, not me who am innocent. What book did you buy?

[Remark 4.] much has left us. bird that we saw whom he saw. [Remark 5.] admire so much. [Remark 6.]

The

Whom have you seen? The lady whom we loved so
The book that I bought is very interesting.
on that tree has flown away. I should like to know

Here is the book you wished. That is the man you
I wish to see the passage you mentioned.

Let us run the race that is set before us. He lived
Who is willing to die the drunkard's death?

an unhappy life.
the sleep that knows not waking.

Sleep

[Remark 8, second paragraph.] Often fineness compensated size.— Tennyson. The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries.-Prior.

[Remark 11.] The soldiers proclaimed Otho emperor. The priest anointed him king of Israel. Some one calls a blush the color of virtue. I consider you my friend. He has appointed me his agent. Make God's law the rule of thy life. You have made our home a desolation. God created you men, and you have made yourselves beasts.

[Remark 12.] Forgive us our trespasses. Give us this day our daily bread. I give you dominion over the beasts of the field. John showed me a beautiful picture. Tell me a tale of the olden time. Heaven send you the choicest blessings.

2. Correct the errors:

Who did he see? He that is idle and mischievous reprove sharply. They that honor me I will honor. Who do you think I saw? Who did he marry? The man who he raised from obscurity betrayed him. He who committed the crime you should punish, not I who am innocent. Leave Nell and I to toil and work.

[Remark 8, first paragraph.] The stable caught on fire. Resolved, That a special committee be appointed to investigate into the truth of said rumors.—Resolution adopted by the Legislature of New Jersey.

[Remark 12.] She was bought a book. He was shown her letter. He was promised the privilege. He was told this fact some time ago. I was offered the employment. He was offered an opportunity. You were paid a high compliment.

RULE VI.

The object of a preposition must be in the objective case; as, "He spoke to me."

Remarks.-1. Any thing performing the office of a noun may be the object of a preposition. (See p. 134.)

2. About is the only preposition that at present is followed by the infinitive. Formerly other prepositions, especially for, were followed by the infinitive; as, "What went ye out for to see?"-English Bible. "These things may serve for to represent."-Bacon. "Which for to prevent.”—Shakespeare.

The reason why other prepositions are not followed by the infinitive is that they are followed by the gerund, which has the same sense. Spenser's "Each the other from to rise restrained "=" Each the other from rising restrained."

3. "By being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee." — Shakespeare. "We spoke of why we came."-Tennyson. "The question as to what were the actual first utterances."-Prof. Whitney. These are instances of noun-propositions employed for nouns in the objective case.

4. The prepositions after, before, ere, since, till, until sometimes take nounpropositions as their objects; as, "He came after you had gone;" "He left us before you arrived;" "Come down ere my child die;" "I have loved her ever since I saw her;" "He will stay till you come;" "He was an industrious boy until he met with those idle fellows."

The prepositions in such constructions are generally regarded as conjunctive adverbs; but they are really prepositions followed by noun-propositions instead of

nouns. "He left us before your arrival ;" "He left us before you arrived." In the latter sentence before has precisely the same meaning that it has in the former. The use of that atter these words is readily explained when they are regarded as prepositions. "Before that you arrived.” *

Other prepositions have been followed by noun-propositions; as, “I'll charm his eyes against she do appear."-Shakespeare. 'Urijah made it against King Ahaz came from Damascus."-English Bible. "Without you were so simple, none else would be."-Shakespeare. Without is not often used in this way by good writers; but there is nothing in the nature of things to condemn such use of it.

In and for are frequently followed by noun-propositions; as, "It is human in that it is brought about through that nature by human instrumentality.”—Prof. Whitney. With in the noun-proposition is always introduced by that; for is used either with or without that. In the following passage the first noun-proposition is without that, the second has that: "I hate him for he is a Christian,

But more for that in low simplicity

He lends out money gratis."-Shakespeare.

Besides is often used before noun-propositions; as, "Besides that he is out of money, he is not well enough to go." This word is always a preposition. "He is not well enough to go; besides this, he is out of money." Or with this omitted: "He is not well enough to go; besides, he is out of money."

5. "This is a dangerous opinion for men to entertain." The object of for is the infinitive with its subject. "Each man walks with his head in a cloud of poisonous flies."-Tennyson. The object of with is not head-he does not walk with his headbut the whole expression, his head in a cloud of poisonous flies. "With thee to smile upon him he is happy."-Sterne. In this sentence the object of with is thee to smile upon him. To smile is an adjunct-infinitive. (See p. 229.)

6. The object of the preposition is sometimes omitted; as, "This is the man [that] I spoke to;" "Not the form of government [which] he lives under, but the church [which] he is a member of."-Carlyle. The object is omitted when it is the antecedent to a compound relative pronoun or to the relative pronoun what; as, “I will give it to [the person] whoever desires it;" "He devotes himself heartily to [the thing] whatever interests him;" "I furnished him with [the thing or the things] what he desired."

The object is often omitted in certain idiomatic constructions; as, "He is not fit [for men] to converse with [him];" "I had no need of any light [which] to read my guardian's letter by " (or "to read my guardian's letter by [it] "); "He has no home to go to "" to which he can go;" "He had no pillow to lay his head on "=" on which to lay his head ;" "Virtue is worth dying for [it]."

7. The preposition is sometimes omitted; as, "Hers are we;' [with] one voice we cried."-Tennyson. "She rose [to] her height."—Id.

In such expressions as despite Duke Humphrey" a preposition is omitted before despite and one after it. Generally the prepositions are expressed; as, “In despite of his quick wit."-Shakespeare. "Seized my hand in despite of my efforts to the contrary."-Irving. "He will go instead of me." Instead consists of the noun stead and the preposition in, written together without any good reason. "They excused him because of (by cause of) his illness." Because consists of the preposition be, an old form of by, and the noun cause. "He sits astride of the fence." Astride consists of the preposition a and the noun stride, and it should always be followed by of. (See Remark 2, p. 135.)

*Bopp (Conjugations-system, p. 82) calls that (German dass) "the article of the verb." It would be more correct to call it the article of the noun-proposition; for it does not refer to the verb simply, but to the whole proposition regarded as a unit.

8. The preposition is often improperly omitted; as, "It is [of] no use to try;" "He was not worthy [of] such honor;" "He was unworthy [of] the office;" "We banish you [from] our territories;" "The mound [on] the left hand [of] the town;" "At either end [of] the mast;" "It was [of] the size of my hand;" "On this side [of] the river;" "He could not refrain [from] expressing himself severely;" "He was prevented [from] speaking to her."

9. The preposition is always omitted when the relative that is used in such expressions as "About the time that his favorite prince left the crown of Poland."— Addison. (See Remark 2, p. 171.)

10. Home and nouns denoting time, space, degree, amount, direction, are put in the objective without a preposition; as, "He went home;" "I was there five years;" "He was forty miles from home that day;" "The pole is ten feet too long;" "This is a great deal better than that;" "A flaming sword which turned every way;" "The country was not a cent richer;" "He was several times defeated."

In each of these sentences a preposition is implied; for what is expressed in other languages by cases is expressed in modern English by prepositions; and though the preposition is not expressed, there is an idea of it in the mind. In went home there is something implied besides going and home. "He went to his home;" "I was there for five years;" "The pole is too long by ten feet;""This is better than that by a great deal;" "A flaming sword which turned in every direction;" "The country is not richer by a cent;" "He was defeated at several times;" "He was at (a distance of) forty miles from home on that day."

The preposition is frequently omitted before a noun followed by an adjunct, especially when this noun is the same as the noun of the adjunct; as, "They walk [with] hand in hand;" "[For] day after day we stuck;" "Some, [with] orb in orb, around their queen extend;" "[At] time after time I warned him;" "He does the same thing [on] one day after another;" "He rushed down the hill [with] heels over head;" "He approached the lady [with] hat in hand."*

11. The objective is used without a preposition after the adjective worth, and sometimes after like, unlike, near, next, and nigh; as, "This hat is worth (equal in value) [to] five dollars;" "He is like [to] his father;" "He sat near [to] me;" "He sat next [to] his grandfather;" "They are nigh [to] the city." The preposition is seldom omitted after next, not very frequently after nigh, more frequently after near. t

The preposition is sometimes omitted in one part of a sentence and expressed in another; as, No more like my father than I to Hercules."-Shakespeare.

12. The preposition is sometimes placed after the objective; as, "Come, walk with me the jungle through."-Heber.

In familiar language the preposition is often placed after a relative or an interrogative pronoun; as, "Whom did you speak to?""To whom did you speak?" The preposition is always placed after the relative that; as, "This is the man that he spoke to."

*In such expressions as "They tore him limb from limb" it is the verb tore that affects the construction-they tore him, they tore limb from limb. Compare "They tore them one from the other."

†These words, or most of them, when not followed by prepositions expressed are regarded by some as themselves prepositions; the class of prepositions being looked upon by them as, like Autolycus, "a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles," or perhaps as a kind of grammatical waste-basket into which they may throw any thing which they do not know what else to do with. Some of their "prepositions" may be compared; as, "Nearest his heart."-Shakespeare. "And earthly power doth then show likest God's."-Id.

13. "The sap will run as long as it freezes nights."-Rev. you'll like to come here days, with me, and read and sew.". "Where the sun afternoons used to steal."-Eclectic Fifth Re noun without a preposition to denote the time of a repeated a provincial vulgarism. The proper form is the singular with a sap will run as long as it freezes at night, or in the night, or by sun after noon used to steal." "On a Sunday or in an evening af ness some courts and alleys, which a few hours before had bee feet and anxious faces, are as silent as a country churchyard night full often hath she gossiped by my side."-Shakespeare. morning and at night."-Id. "'T is a custom with him i' (in) the a Id. Shakespeare sometimes uses the preposition o' (on or of) "Antony that revels long o' nights."

14. Avoid the use of such vulgar expressions as "Where is answer corresponding to this would be "It is at here," "It is at on the table."

When where is used for whither (to what place), as in "Whe the preposition to should not be used with it, as in "Where are y

1. Point out the objects of the prepositions:

John rode on the horse. George is obedient to hi book lies before him on the table. You will gain hap of virtue. By close attention to study he became learne industry he became rich.

The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the

[Remark 1.] Thomas is employed in cutting wood. not prevent the prisoner from escaping. By so doing friendship of his former enemy.

[Remark 2.] The country is about to be ruined. about to expire when the man entered. You are about field of labor.

[Remark 3.] He did not decide the question as t owner. The result will depend on who is the leader. the usual course in such matters I can give no opinion.

Be P

[Remark 4.] He went away before you came. have appeased the multitude. Pause a day or two before You never saw her since she was deformed. The maiden he came. Besides that it is raining, he could not find the a night as this. That this drama has merit is shown in the its place on the boards.

[Remark 5.] This is a dangerous step for you to take with his hands in his pockets.

[Remark 6.] This is the man I gave it to. This pape whoever owns the book. It will be delivered to whoever