How, then, can you tell when who is a relative pronoun, and when an interrogative?

By looking at the end of the sentence; if the interrogation-point is there, it is for the most part an interrogative pronoun; if not, it is a relative. What are Adjective Pronouns ?

Adjective Pronouns are words that are sometimes used instead of nouns, but are more frequently followed by their nouns, which they limit, or qualify, after the manner of adjectives.

Give one or two sentences containing adjective pronouns. "Hand me that book." "I have some apples." "Have you any paper?" That, some, and any, are adjective pronouns.

Mention some of the principal adjective pronouns.

This, that, these, those, some, no, none, any, all, each, every, either, neither.

Give examples of adjective pronouns used instead of nouns. "That was unexpected." "All were pleased,

and some delighted.

L

EXERCISE.

Make lists of the personal, relative, interrogative, and adjective pronouns, in order, as they occur in the following sentences. The pupil will do well to make his lists according to the following EXAMPLE. Jane, I told you to hand me that book which is lying on the table, but you have not done it. What is the reason?

Lists. Personal.

Relative.

I, you, me,
you, it.

Which.

Interrogative. Adjective.
What. That.

RELATIVE PRONOUN AND RELATIVE CLAUSE. 45

1. You say that* I am charged with a great crime. Who are my accusers? Let them stand forth, that I may see the authors of this base slander.

2. If every man would do his duty, none would have any cause for complaint.

3. Can we stand patiently by, and see our property torn from us? No; each generous emotion of our hearts forbids it. Let this tyrant tremble, and all his satellites beware!

4. The men whom I saw, had each a musket.

5. Wherever she went, every one seemed disposed to do her honor.

6. Look on this picture and on that.

LESSON XIX.

RELATIVE PRONOUN AND RELATIVE CLAUSE.

WHAT is a Relative Pronoun ?

A Relative Pronoun is one that relates to a noun or pronoun going before, called the antecedent.

What is the Antecedent?

The Antecedent is the noun or pronoun before the relative to which it relates.

*Note. The word that is sometimes a conjunction, sometimes a relative, and at other times an adjective pronoun; the pupil must decide which it is by the relation that it bears to other words in the sentence. In this sentence, that is not a relative, for it does not relate to any antecedent; it is not an adjective pronoun, for it is not joined to, or used for, any noun; but it is a conjunction, for it connects clauses.

my

In the sentence, "He that does right will be rewarded," what is the relative, and what the antecedent?

That is the relative, and he is the antecedent. What service does the relative perform in a sentence?

The relative is used to introduce a clause, for the purpose of limiting, explaining, or adding something further to what is said.

What is a clause thus introduced by a relative called?

A RELATIVE CLAUSE.

What is the relative clause in the sentence, " He that does right will be rewarded"?

That does right is the relative clause, because it is introduced by the relative that.

Select the relative, the antecedent, and the relative clause, in the following sentences :

1. The friends that we gain in childhood, often forget us in old age.

2. The wind, which had been shifting all day from point to point, now began to blow steadily from the south.

3. Those who are the most industrious, are the most happy.

4. James, whose work was the best, received the premium.

5. I have seen the man that lives in the cave.

EXERCISE.

The sentences given in this exercise contain a relative and its antecedent; the pupil must complete the relative clause by inserting the necessary words. Before attempting to complete the clause, read the whole sentence, and then think of something that will be appropriate.

EXAMPLE. The study that

is History.

Completed. The study that I like best is History. Or, The study that I dislike most is History.

Or, The study that I find most difficult is History. Each sentence may be completed in a variety of ways.

1. I have broken my watch, which

2. The tree that

3. My father, who

was blown down last night.

is now well.

4. Those who — will be happy in this world, and

still happier in the next.

5. Horses are very useful to those who

6. In every school there are boys who

7. Thomas found the knife which

8. There is a boy whose

9. Mary is the most diligent girl that —.

10. The good boy will apply himself vigorously to

the lessons which

11. The carriage which

12. Columbus was the first man that

13. The butterflies which

has been mended.

will all perish in

14. The dog that

has run away. }

winter.

LESSON XX.

PARTICIPLES.-PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES.

In the sentence, "I saw John feeding his chickens," what word implies action, and at the same time qualifies John?

Feeding.

Which part of speech implies action, and which qualifies

nouns ?

The verb implies action, and the adjective qualifies nouns.

The word feeding, then, partakes of the nature of what two parts of speech?

The verb and the adjective.

What name is given to feeding, and similar words?
PARTICIPLES.

What is a Participle?

A Participle is a word that describes a noun or pronoun, by assigning to it a certain action or state. Does the participle form a distinct part of speech? No; participles are classed as parts of verbs. How many participles has every transitive verb?

Five.

Mention the five participles of the verb love.

Loving, loved, having loved, being loved, having

been loved.

How many participles has every intransitive verb?

Two.

Mention the two participles of the intransitive verb walk.

Walking, having walked.

Give me two or three sentences containing participles, and select the participle in each.

James, while walking by the shore, saw a large bass attacked by a shark.

Having been deceived once, I never trusted him again.

He died, loved and respected by all that knew him. In the last sentence, what clause is introduced by the participles loved and respected?

"Loved and respected by all that knew him."

What is a clause introduced by, or containing, a participle, called?

A PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE.

Select the participial clause in each of the three sentences given above.