History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII.

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood & Sons, 1856 - Europe

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Title Page

Table of Contents

CHAPTER	1

The colonies were not a source of weakness to Spain	2

Colonies are always a benefit to the parent state	3

Support which colonies afford to the mother country ib 5 What the colonial policy of the parent state should be	4

Inevitable loss to the parent state from the separation of the colonies	5

Great inundation of St Petersburg	6

Tyrannical rule of old Spain over her colonies	7

The trade of Spain was all with foreign manufacturers	8

Law for additional ecclesiastical endowments	352

Modifications in the cornlaws ib 102 Law for the indemnity of the Imperial donataries	353

Law regarding the censorship of the press	354

Speech of M Pasquier on the occasion	355

Increasing irritation of parties and difficulties of the ministry	356

Rupture with the Royalists and fall of the Richelieu ministry	358

The new ministry	359

Reflections on this event	360

Want of industry in the national character	9

The physical circumstances of Spain favoured commerce but not manufac tures	10

Effect of the longcontinued hostility with the Moors	11

Important effect of the Romish faith	12

Difference of the towns and country in respect of political opinion	14

Disposition of the army	15

The church	16

State of the peasantry	17

State of the nobility	20

how it was formed	21

Its extreme democratic tendency	22

Utter unsuitableness of the constitution to the generality of Spain	23

Universal unpopularity of the Cortes and constitution	24

Influence of the Cortes on South America	25

Rio Janeiro	27

Its general adoption of English habits and ideas	28

Character of Ferdinand VII	29

Decree of Valencia	31

VOL II	33

its army and navy	50

Efforts of the Cadiz Liberals to promote	56

Sale of Florida to the Americans	62

Disfranchisement of Grampound and transfer of its members to Yorkshire 443	64

Perilous position of Quiroga in the Isle of Leon	68

Page 78 Legislative measures	72

its composition	73

Disorders in the provinces	74

Murder of one of the bodyguard and reward of the murderers ib 82 Opening of the Cortes	75

its leaders	76

Establishment of clubs in Madrid and other revolutionary measures	77

Financial measures	78

Tumult at Madrid and dismissal of Riego	79

Closing of the session and rupture with the king	80

Reception of the decree against the priests in Spain	81

Illegal appointment of General Carvajal by the king	82

Return of the king to Madrid	83

New society for execution of lynch law ib 94 Identity of recent history of Spain and Portugal	85

Revolution at Oporto	86

Which is followed by a revolution at Lisbon	87

Establishment of a joint regency at Lisbon	88

Return of Marsbal Beresford who is forced to go to England	89

Effect of the banishment of the British	90

Reaction and adoption of more moderate measures ib 101 Commencement of reforms in Italy	91

Breach of the kings promise of a constitution	92

Progressive but slight reforms already introduced	93

Origin of secret societies	94

Their origin and previous history ib 106 Commencement of the Neapolitan revolution	95

Defection of General Pepe and the garrison of Naples	96

The king yields and swears to the constitution	97

Causes which prepared revolution in Sicily	99

Revolution in Palermo	100

Frightful massacre in Palermo ib 112 First measures of the new junta	101

Failure of the negotiations with Naples	102

Suppression of the insurrection in Palermo	103

Renewal of hostilities	104

Meeting of the Neapolitan parliament	105

Insurrection of the galleyslaves in Civita Vecchia	106

Commencement of the revolution in Piedmont	107

Revolt in Alessandria and Turin	108

The king yields and accepts the constitution	109

12 Resignation of the king and proclamation of the Prince of Carignan as regent and the Spanish constitution	110

General character of the revolutions of 1820 ib 123 What caused their speedy overthrow	111

What should the military do in such circumstances ?	112

CHAPTER VIII	113

Increase of Russia by the treaties of 1814 and 1815	114

Important acquisition of Russia in the grandduchy of Warsaw	115

Statistics of the grandduchy of Warsaw	116

Establishment of the kingdom of Poland ib 6 Biography of the Grandduke Constantine	117

His character	118

His first acts of administration and training of the army	120

Great increase of its military strength	122

Failure of the representative system in Poland	123

Great influence of Russia	124

Great wisdom of its external policy	125

Their unity of purpose	126

its population	127

Great rapidity of increase of the Russian population	129

Great room for future increase in its inhabitants ib 18 Unity of feeling in the whole empire	130

Reason of this unity Their Asiatic habits and religious feelings	131

Unity of interest in the empire	132

General insufficiency of the schools to produce enlightenment	133

The clergy	134

the Tchinn	135

Great power given by the Tchinn	136

Caste of the nobles	137

Of the bourgeois and trading classes	138

The serfs their number and condition	139

Privileges and advantages they enjoy	140

its advantages and evils 14	142

Contrast of English and Russian cultivators	143

Opinion of Mr Haxthausen on the serfs and their enfranchisement	144

Evils of the Russian serf system	145

Foreign conquest ever forced upon Russia by its climate	146

Fear the universal principle of government in Russia	147

General use of corporal chastisement	148

Character which these circumstances have imprinted on the Russians	149

Causes which have led to this character	150

Great effect of the distances in Russia	151

Civilisation depends entirely on the higher ranks	152

Strong imitative turn of the Russians	153

Military strength of Russia	154

The inilitary colonies	155

The Cossacks	157

The admirable discipline and equipment of the army	158

Russian navy	159

Positions of the principal armies	160

General corruption in Russia	161

Enormous abuses which prevail	162

Striking instances of this corruption	163

Emigration in Russia is all internal	164

Great impulse to agricultural industry in Russia from free trade	166

What is the destiny of Russia ? ib 55 Two different people in Russia	168

Liberal ideas with which the troops returned from France and Germany	169

First steps of Alexander on his return to Russia in 1814	170

His beneficent measures	171

Incessant travels of Alexander from 1815 to 1825	172

Various beneficent measures introduced by him	173

His arrival at Warsaw in 1818	174

Alexanders memorable speech to the Diet	175

Journey of Alexander to his southern provinces ib 65 His efforts for the enfranchisement of the peasants	176

Transactions of 1819	177

Expulsion of the Jesuits	178

Great changes in the emperors mind from the revolution of 1820	179

Violent scene and dissolution of the Polish Diet	180

Congress of Troppeau	181

its resolutions	182

Congress of Laybach	183

Reflections on the division among the allied powers	184

Limits of the right of intervention	185

What share had the Holy Alliance in this?	187

Attitude taken by England on the occasion ib 77 War declared against the revolution in Naples	188

Unresisted march of the Austrians towards Naples	189

Subjugation of Naples and return of the king	190

Movement of the insurgents in Piedmont	191

Meeting of the Allies and fresh revolution in Genoa	192

Increasing difficulties of the insurgents	193

Total defeat of the insurgents at Agogna	194

Submission of the capital and termination of the war	195

Violent reaction in Italy	196

Reaction in Piedmont and treaty with Austria	197

Revolt in a regiment of guards at St Petersburg	198

Alexander refuses to support the Greeks	199

Extension of the Russian empire in North America	200

Suppression of freemasons and other secret societies	202

General failure of the emperors philanthropic projects	203

Dreadful flood at St Petersburg ib 9394 Description of the situation of St Petersburg 204205	204

Death of Alexanders natural daughter	211

And death	217

How tbis came about	223

Information given of the conspiracy to Alexander	229

Nicholas advances against the rebels	236

Leaders of the revolt in the army of the south	243

He is essentially Russian	260

Law regarding the press	270

his biography	278

The Duke de Berri	289

His biography	290

And marriage with the Princess Caroline of Naples ib 34 Louvel his assassin	291

Assassination of the Duke de Berri	292

3637 His last moments 293294	294

His death	295

Violent attacks on the new ministry by the press	296

Chateaubriands words on the occasion	297

General indignation against M Decazes	298

The king resolves to support him	299

He at length agrees to his dismissal	300

Resignation of M Decazes and the Duke de Richelieu sent for	301

The kings inclination for Platonic attachments	302

Her first interview with Louis which proves successful ib 48 Character of M Decazes	304

Merits of his measures as a statesman ib 50 Division of parties in the Assembly after M Decazes fall	306

Funeral of the Duke de Berri and execution of Louvel	307

5253 Ministerial measures of the session Argument against the first 308309	308

Answer by the Government	309

5556 Censorship of the press Argument against it by the Opposition	311

5758 Answer by the Ministerialists 312313	312

Result of the debate	314

Reflections on this subject	315

Alarming state of the country and defensive measures of Government	316

Denunciation of the secret government	317

Ministerial project of a new electoral law	318

6467 Argument against it by the Opposition 319321	319

6872 Answer by the Ministerialists 321324	321

CamilleJourdans amendment carried	325

The amendment of M Boin is carried by Government	326

Disturbances in Paris	328

The budget	330

Military conspiracy headed by Lafayette	331

Their designs and efforts to corrupt the troops	333

Which fails by accident	334

Lenity shown in the prosecutions ib 84 Birth of the Duke of Bordeaux	335

Universal transports in France	336

Congratulations from the European powers and promotions in France	338

Rupture with the Doctrinaires	339

Views of the Doctrinaires	340

Views of the Royalists ih 90 Disturbances in the provinces Internal measures of the Government	342

Changes in the household	343

Ordonnance regarding public instruction	345

Result of the elections favourable to the Royalists	347

Effect of the change in the Assembly	348

Accession of Villele c to the ministry	349

Speech of the king and answer of the Chambers	350

Measures of the session fixing the boundaries of the electoral districts	351

Great effects of the change in the electoral law	361

Defects of the representative system in France	362

Undue ascendancy of the PartiPr�tre ib 112 Cause of the reaction against Liberal institutions	363

Death of Napoleon	364

Reflections on his captivity	365

Great exaggeration regarding the English treatment of him	366

Lamartines account of his exile	368

Irritation between him and Sir Hudson Lowe	369

All parties were wrong regarding his treatment at St Helena	371

Change on Napoleon before his death ib 120 His death	372

His funeral	373

Immense sensation it excited in Europe	374

He was the last of the men who rule their age	375

CHAPTER X	376

Difference in the causes which produced discontent in the two countries	377

Great effects of the change in the monetary laws	378

Mr Smiths views on this subject	379

Great effects of any variation in the value of the standard of value ib 6 Examples of this from former times	380

Discovery and wonderful effects of a paper currency	382

Advantages of a paper circulation duly limited	383

What is the standard of value ?	384

Vast effect of variations in the currency	385

When this effect takes place	386

Vast importance of an inconvertible currency as a regulator of prices	387

Concurring causes which brought about the bill of 1819	388

Danger of a currency entirely rested on a metallic basis	390

True system	391

Peculiar dangers with which the resumption of cash payments was attended	392

Strain on the money market from the immense loans on the Continent	393

Great prosperity of England in end of 1818 and spring of 1819 from extension of its currency	394

Great internal prosperity of the country	395

Disastrous contraction of the currency	398

And on prices of all commodities	399

Rapid increase of disaffection in the country	401

Meeting at Peterloo	403

Great excitement and objects of the meeting	404

Its dispersion by the military ib 28 Noble conduct of Lord Sidmouth on the occasion	406

Result of Hunts trial	407

Reflections on the impolicy of allowing such meetings	408

And on the conduct of the magistrates	409

Seditious meetings in other quarters	411

Augmentation of the Chelsea pensioners	412

Meeting of Parliament and measures of Government	414

Lord Sidmouths Acts of Parliament	415

Sentences on the conspirators	416

Death of the Duke of Kent	418

Death of George III	419

Birth of Queen Victoria	420

Alarming illness of George IV	421

Ominous questions regarding the omission of Queen Carolines name in the Liturgy	422

Remarkable speech of Mr Brougham	423

Cato Street conspiracy Thistlewoods previous life ib 45 Design of the conspirators	425

Conflict in the dark in the Cato Street loft	426

Execution of the conspirators 49 Disturbances in Scotland and north of England	427

Outbreak of the insurrection and its suppression ib 52 Death and character of Mr Grattan	432

His character as a statesman and orator	433

Increase of the yeomanry force	434

The budget for 1820	435

Important subjects of debate in this session	437

Statistics on education in England and Wales by Mr Brougham ib 58 Difficulties of this subject and necessity of an assessment	439

Its difficulties and attempts at their solution ib 60 Probable mode of solving it	440

What is to be done with the educated classes ?	441

Appointment of a committee to inquire into agricultural distress	448

Commencement of the troubles about the queen	454

Enthusiastic reception of the queen at Dover and in London	460

General transports of the people	467

Answer by Mr Peel	473

Vehement demand for a reduction of taxation	479

Aspect of Wellington Londonderry and George IV	485

Lord Wellesley appointed Viceroy of Ireland and change in the govern	491

Cause of the wretchedness of Ireland	492

What would have relieved the country and its neglect	493

Ruinous effect of the contraction of the currency upon Ireland	494

Progress of the agrarian disturbances in Ireland	495

Lord Wellesleys able conduct and impartiality	496

Dreadful examples in the disturbed districts	497

Dreadful famine in the south and west of Ireland ib 123 Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act and Insurrection Act	499

Divisions on the Catholic claims	500

Increasing strength of the minority on parliamentary reform	501

Peroration of Mr Cannings speech	502

Sir James Mackintoshs motion regarding the criminal law	503

Great fall in the price of all sorts of produce	504

Measures for the relief of the agricultural classes	505

Detailed measures of Government for the relief of the agriculturists	506

Motion of Mr Western on the currency	507

136142 Reply by Mr Attwood 510514	510

Repeated defeats of Ministers in the House of Commons	515

Great reductions of taxation introduced by Ministers	516

The budget	517

Reduction of the Five per Cents	518

Equalisation of the Dead Weight and military and naval pensions	519

Details of the measure	521

Six acts relating to commerce and navigation	522

Visit of the king to Edinburgh ib 153 Particulars of the royal visit	523

Death of Lord Londonderry	525

Its indomitable firmness	526

Political changes in progress from the resumption of cash payments ib 159 Internal changes arising from the same cause	528

Lord Londonderry was the last of the real rulers of England	529

Increased ascendant of the rulers of thought	530

Their execution	531

CHAPTER XI	533

Peculiar causes which augmented this divergence	534

Character of Mr Canning	537

His peculiar style of eloquence	538

Viscount Chateaubriand	540

His peculiar turn of mind and course of policy	548

Rise of the Carbonari and secret societies in France	555

Reflections on these events	561

Attempted restoration of the royal authority at Madrid	567

Institution of the Order of the Hammer	573

Riegos plot at Saragossa and his arrest	579

Irresolute conduct of the king and Royalist insurrection in the north	585

Proceedings of the Cortes and progress of the civil war	591

his appearance and character and followers	593

Desperate assault of Cervera	594

Severe laws passed by the Cortes	595

Great extension of the civil war	596

Deplorable state of the Spanish finances	598

Riot in Madrid and death of Landabura	599

Commencement of the strife between the guard and the garrison ib 64 Departure of the royal guard from Madrid	600

Progress of the negotiations with the insurgents	601

Attack of the guards on Madrid and its defeat	602

Destruction of the royal guard	603

Defeat of the insurgents in Andalusia and Cadiz	604

Change of ministry and complete triumph of the revolutionists	605

The new ministry and provincial appointments	606

Murder of Geoiffeux ib 72 Second trial and execution of Elio	607

Civil war in the northern provinces	609

Reflections on this event	610

Capture of Castelfollit and savage proclamation of Mina	611

Continued disasters of the Royalists and flight of the regency from Urgel	612

Great effect produced by these successes of the Liberals	613

CHAPTER XII	615

Lamartines observations on the subject	616

Opposite views which prevailed in Great Britain	617

Repugnance to French intervention	618

Danger of a renewal of the family compact between France and Spain	619

Influence of the South American and Spanish bondholders	620

Immense extent of the Spanish and South American loans	621

Views of the Cabinet on the subject	622

Congress of Verona agreed on by all the powers	623

Members of the Congress there	624

Description of Verona	625

Views of the different powers at the opening of the Congress	626

Brilliant assemblage of princesses and courtiers at Verona	627

Treaty for the evacuation of Piedmont and Naples ib 16 Resolution of the Congress regarding the slavetrade	628

Note of Englaud regarding South American independence	629

Instructions of M de Vill�le to M de Montmorency regarding Spain	630

Mr Cannings instructions to Duke of Wellington	631

Measures adopted by the majority of the Congress on the subject	632

England	633

Views of what had occurred in this Congress	635

Views of M de Vill�le and Louis XVIII	637

Secret correspondence of M de Vill�le and M de Lagarde	638

Debate on it in the Cabinet and resignation of M de Montmorency who is succeeded by M de Chateaubriand	639

The warlike preparations of France continue	641

Failure of the negotiations at Madrid and departure of the French ambas sador	642

Speech of the King at the opening of the Chambers	643

King of Englands speech at opening of Parliament	644

Reply of the Spanish government	645

Hyde de Neuvilles address in reply to the speech of the king	647

Mr Canning adopts the principle of noninterference	654

de Chateaubriands reply in the French Chambers 656663	656

Immense sensation produced by this speech	664

Talleyrands speech on the war ib 55 Vote of credit of 100000000 francs	665

5657 Affair of M Manuel in the Chamber of Deputies his speech	666

Storm in the Chamber	667

Expulsion of M Manuel	669

Dramatic scene at his expulsion	670

General enthusiasm excited by the Spanish war	671

Preparations of the Liberals to sow disaffection in the army	672

Feelings of Mr Canning and the English people at this crisis	673

Views of Mr Canning at this juncture	674

Portrait of Mr Canning by M Marcellus	676

His opinion as to the probable duration of the war	677

Views of George IV and the Duke of Wellington on the subject	678

Difficulties of the French at the entrance of the campaign	679

Which are obviated by M Ouvrard	681

Forces and their disposition on both sides	682

The Spanish forces	683

Theatrical scene at the passage of the Bidassoa ib 73 Progress of the French and their rapid success	685

Advance of the Duke dAngoul�me to Madrid ib 75 Advance of the French to Madrid	686

Entry of the Duke dAngoul�me into Madrid	688

Advance of the French into Andalusia	689

Proceedings of the Cortes and deposition of Ferdinand VII ib 79 Violent reaction at Seville and over all Spain	691

State of affairs in Cadiz	692

Advance of the Duke dAngoul�me into Andalusia and decree of Andujar	693

Its provisions	694

Violent irritation of the Royalists in Spain	695

Progress of the siege of Cadiz	696

Assault of the Trocadero	697

Operations of Riego in the rear of the French	698

Defeat and capture of Riego	700

Noble conduct of the Princess Troubetzkoi and the other wives of	704

His execution	705

483	706

Triumphant return of the Duke dAngoul�me to Paris	711

Recognition of the South American republics by Mr Canning	717

Meeting of the Chambers and measures announced in the royal speech	723

Statistics of France in this year	729

Political inferences from the result of the Spanish revolution	735

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Common terms and phrases

already amount appeared arms army authority become brought called capital carried cause CHAP character chief circumstances classes colonies command consequence constitution continued Cortes danger death decree directed Duke effect emperor empire England English entire established Europe existing feelings followed force foreign France French guards hands head Hist hope House hundred immediately important increased influence inhabitants institutions interest Italy king land less Liberal Lord Madrid majority manner March means measures ment military mind Ministers Naples nearly never object officers opened opinion party passed period persons political present Prince principle produce proved provinces received remained rendered revolution royal Royalists Russia side society soldiers soon Spain Spanish success taken thousand tion took towns troops vast VIII whole

Popular passages

Page 307 - With scutcheons of silver the coffin is shielded, And pages stand mute by the canopied pall : Through the courts, at deep midnight, the torches are gleaming ; In the proudly-arched chapel the banners are beaming ; Far adown the long aisle sacred music is streaming, Lamenting a chief of the people should fall.

Appears in 202 books from 1806-2007

Page 715 - It would be disingenuous, indeed, not to admit that the entry of the French army into Spain was, in a certain sense, a disparagement — an affront to the pride— a blow to the feelings of England...

Appears in 58 books from 1826-2007

Page 720 - You well know, gentlemen, how soon one of those stupendous masses, now reposing on their shadows in perfect stillness — how soon, upon any call of patriotism, or of necessity, it would assume the likeness of an animated thing, instinct with life and motion — how soon it would ruffle, as it were, its swelling plumage — how quickly it would put forth all its beauty and its bravery — collect its scattered elements of strength, and awaken its dormant thunder.

Appears in 171 books from 1785-2006

Page 464 - Such, my Lords, is the case now before you ! Such is the evidence in support of this measure — evidence inadequate to prove a debt — impotent to deprive of a civil right — ridiculous to convict of the lowest offence — scandalous if brought forward to support a charge of the highest nature which the law knows — monstrous to ruin the honour, to blast the name, of an English Queen...

Appears in 94 books from 1820-2006

Page 487 - This is one of the happiest days of my life. I have long wished to visit you : my heart has always been Irish — from the day it first beat, I have loved Ireland. This day has shown me that I am beloved by my Irish subjects. Rank, station, honours, are nothing; but to feel. that I live in the hearts of my Irish subjects, is to me the most exalted happiness.

Appears in 58 books from 1821-2007

Page 635 - ... opinion, that to animadvert upon the internal transactions of an independent state, unless such transactions affect the essential interests of his Majesty's subjects, is inconsistent with those principles on which his Majesty has invariably acted on all questions relating to the internal concerns of other countries ; that such animadversions, if made, must involve his Majesty in serious responsibility, if they should produce any effect ; and must irritate, if they should not...

Appears in 32 books from 1785-2005

Page 235 - Thus having spoke, the illustrious chief of Troy Stretch'd his fond arms to clasp the lovely boy. The babe clung crying to his nurse's breast, Scared at the dazzling helm, and nodding crest. With secret pleasure each fond parent smiled, And Hector hasted to relieve his child, The glittering terrors from his brows unbound, And placed the beaming helmet on the ground; Then...

Appears in 147 books from 1804-2007

Page 465 - ... from the roots and the stem of the tree. Save that country, that you may continue to adorn it ; save the crown which is in jeopardy, the aristocracy which is shaken ; save the altar, which must stagger with the blow that rends its kindred throne...

Appears in 130 books from 1803-2000

Page 465 - It will go forth your judgment, if sentence shall go against the queen. But it will be the only judgment you ever pronounced which, instead of reaching its object, will return and bound back upon those who give it.

Appears in 58 books from 1817-2000

Page 715 - I may say, to the number of weights which might be shifted into the one or the other scale. To look to the policy of Europe in the times of William and Anne for the purpose of regulating the balance of power in Europe at the present day, is to disregard the progress of events, and to confuse dates and facts which throw a reciprocal light upon each other.

Appears in 37 books from 1826-1971

Bibliographic information

QR code for History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII.

Title	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII. Volume 2 of History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Publisher	W. Blackwood & Sons, 1856
Original from	the New York Public Library
Digitized	7 Aug 2007

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