Kenninghall by the earl of Bath, and other leading men; and that the earl of Sussex and his son were marching to her aid. Northumberland received from Queen Jane the commission for the lieutenantship of the army, sealed," and, after a strong appeal to the fidelity of the Council, he departed, with six hundred men, for the eastern counties. Northumberland was to have received succour at Northampton, but the promised aid of men and munition never arrived. Meanwhile the cause of Mary was prospering in every quarter, and Queen Jane's supposed friends were fast deserting her. The termination of the march of Northumberland is a pitiable exhibition of the unhonoured fall of inordinate ambition. He had retreated to Cambridge with his small army. Letters of discomfort had reached him. On the 19th, at night, he heard that Queen Mary had been proclaimed in London. "The next morning he called for a herald and proclaimed her himself." The mayor of Cambridge arrested him after the proclamation, but upon his remonstrance let him go free. He stayed at Cambridge one night. The next morning he was arrested by the earl of Arundel.

Queen Mary arrived triumphantly in London, at the head of a great band of friends, on the 3rd of August. Her sister Elizabeth had joined her on her progress. The duke of Northumberland and his son the earl of Warwick, the earl of Northampton, sir Andrew Dudley, sir John Gates, sir Henry Gates, and sir Thomas Palmer were tried and convicted of hightreason on the 18th and 19th of August. On the 22nd, Northumberland, sir John Gates, and sir Thomas Palmer were executed. The day previous the duke of Northumberland had heard mass and received the sacrament "according to the old accustomed manner," solemnly asserting his belief that "this is the very right and true way."

The news of Mary's accession was received in Rome with exultation; and the pope resolved to send Cardinal Pole as legate to England. That measure was determined in a consistory as early as the 5th of August. Mary herself received a secret agent of Rome, Francis Commendone; and to him she professed her attachment to the Romish Church, and her desire to bring hack its worship. But she implored him to be cautious, for much was still unsettled. The coronation of Mary took place on the 1st of October. Her first parliament met on the 5th. The session was a very short one, and the only public Act was that for repealing certain treasons and felonies, and all offences within the case of premunire. The object of this Act was to sweep away the penalties for denying the king's supremacy, and especially to relieve Cardinal Pole from his dangers under the laws of Henry VIII. Latimer was committed to the Tower on the 13th of November, and Cranmer on the 14th, and the deprived bishops were restored to their sees. The second parliamentary session commenced on the 24th of October. The anti-reformers now went more boldly to work. An Act was passed declaring void so much of the statute of Henry VIII. as illegitimated Queen Mary, and confirming the illegitimacy of the princess Elizabeth. Mary had resolved on marriage with Philip, the son of Charles V., and she flattered herself that with a Catholic husband, and with successors to be bred up in the ancient faith, the nation would soon abandon its heresies. The second Act of this session, "for the repeal of certain statutes made

A.D. 1553.

CAREW AND WYAT'S REBELLION.

233

in the time of the reign of King Edward the Sixth," deals in a very summary manner with the labours of the preceding six years. But something connected with the Reformation was retained. Divine service was to be performed as in the last year of Henry VIII. The queen still retained the title of Supreme Head of the Church; the name of the Pope was carefully kept out of view. In a very short time the people began to be stirred about the Spanish marriage. The Commons petitioned the queen that she would marry, but that she would select one of her own nation. Mary dismissed them with a short answer, saying that she should only look to God for counsel in a matter so important; and the ambassador of Charles soothed many scruples by a liberal distribution of eloquent gold. But the people were not so easily satisfied. They abhorred the notion of a Spanish alliance. The terms of the marriage treaty, which were assiduously promulgated, were in some degree calculated to diminish this public jealousy ; and Charles V. resolved the doubts of the Lords and Commons with a million, two hundred thousand crowns. But still the nation would not be satisfied.

In January, 1554, sir Thomas Carew and a band of friends "were up in Devonshire, resisting the king of Spain's coming." Carew failed in his demonstration, and fled to France. The precipitancy of Carew forced his confederate, sir Thomas Wyat, to take the field without full preparation. On the news arriving in London on the 25th of January, that Wyat was up in Kent, the duke of Suffolk fled from his house at Sheen; and in Leicester and in other places, caused proclamation to be made against the queen's match. He was betrayed by his own park-keeper at Astley, near Coventry, and conducted to London as a prisoner. Wyat was in arms in the neighbourhood of Rochester when the duke of Norfolk was sent against him, with the queen's guard, and a band of five hundred men hastily raised in London, of whom one Alexander Brett was the captain. Norfolk was about to attack the rebels, when Brett, and his men, and three-fourths of the duke's retinue, declared in their favour. The duke and the earl of Ormond, and the captain of the guards, fled. On the 1st of February, Wyat reached Deptford; and the same day the queen, who strikingly exhibited the self-command and determination of her race, went to the Guildhall, and demanded the assistance of the city in a spirited speech, which produced a stirring effect. The next day the householders of London were in armour in the streets. On the 3rd of February, Wyat marched from Deptford with two thousand men. At Southwark the rebels were favourably received; and bands from the country, raised by lord William Howard, took part with them. Wyat lingered in Southwark till the 6th, finding it impossible to gain a passage at London Bridge. He then marched to Kingston, when he crossed in boats. It was broad day when the Kentishmen reached the west end of what we now call Piccadilly. The earl of Pembroke, with a troop of horsemen, hovered about them, but made no bold attempt to stop their march. Great ordnance were fired on both sides with little damage. Onwards the rebels went towards the city, by the highway of the Strand. The queen seems to have been the only person of the whole court endowed with sense and courage. At Ludgate, Wyat was refused admittance by lord William Howard. He rested

awhile at the Bell-Savage gate; and then turned back, purposeless. After a skirmish at Temple Bar, a herald persuaded him to yield; and sir Maurice Berkeley received his submission, and carried him behind him on his horse to court. From Whitehall to the Tower was his last journey.

CHAPTER XVIII.

IT was the 7th of February when the insurrection of Wyat thus completely failed. Prisoner after prisoner continued to arrive at the Tower; and on Saturday, the 10th, the duke of Suffolk and lord John Grey were brought thither from Coventry. The lady Jane Grey, her husband, and his two brothers had been tried by a special commission on the 13th of November. Another Dudley had been arraigned in January. They all pleaded guilty." The hope of mercy in thus pleading had probably been held out to all. But the insurrection of Wyat determined their fate. On Monday, the 12th of February, lord Guilford Dudley, the young husband of lady Jane Grey, was led out of his prison walls to die on Tower Hill at ten o'clock. Out of the window of a house in the Tower did Jane, whose own hour of final release was fast approaching, see him walk to his execution. On the green against the White Tower a scaffold had been erected, on which the lady Jane was to die. She went forth to her death at eleven o'clock on that "black Monday," as Strype calls the day, "her counte nance nothing abashed, neither her eyes anything moistened with tears."* And in her hand she held a book, whereon she prayed all the way till she came to the scaffold. Four days before, she had boldly said to the priest sent to examine her, "I ground my faith upon God's Word, and not upor the Church. For if the Church be a good Church, the faith of the Church must be tried by God's Word, and not God's Word by the Church." At the last: "She tied the kercher about her eyes; then, feeling for the block said, 'What shall I do? Where is it?' One of the standers-by guiding her thereto, she laid her head down upon the block, and stretched forth her body, and said, 'Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit.' And so she ended."+

On the day that Guilford and Jane Dudley were beheaded, the gallows was set up at every gate, and in every great thoroughfare of London. There is a brief catalogue of the use to which these machines were applied on the 13th, when, from Billingsgate to Hyde-park Corner, there were forty-eight men hanged at nineteen public places. On the 17th, certain captains, and twenty-two of the common rebels, were sent into Kent to suffer death. Such executions were made under martial law; although

"Queen Jane and Queen Mary," Camden Society, p. 56.

+ "Communication between the Lady Jane and Master Feckenham," Harleiar Misc., vol. i., p. 369, ed. 1808.

"Queen Jane and Queen Mary," p. 59.

A.D. 1554. THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH IMPRISONED.

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Wyat and some others were reserved for trial by a jury. The duke of Suffolk was tried on the 17th, and beheaded on the 22nd. Wyat and others pleaded guilty. Sir Nicholas Throckmorton was tried on the 17th of April; which trial is remarkable for the boldness and ability with which the prisoner defended himself. Throckmorton's talent and energy produced a most surprising result. He was acquitted. The Court, immediately after the trial, committed the jury to prison. Four made a submission and were released. Eight remained in confinement for many months; and when brought before the Council in the Star Chamber, were sentenced to the payment of enormous fines.

The execution of Wyat was delayed till the 11th of April. Another suspected person was Courtenay, earl of Devonshire, who had formerly been considered Mary's favoured suitor. On the 26th of January, the day after Wyat made his armed demonstration at Maidstone, Queen Mary wrote a letter from St. James's to the lady Elizabeth, who was at Ashridge, informing her of attempts to excite rebellion, and requesting her to "repair hither to us." Elizabeth was seriously ill, and begged for delay. On the 10th of February, lord William Howard, sir Edward Hastings, and sir Thomas Cornwallis, arrived at Ashridge, and, as they wrote to the queen on the 11th, “required her in your majesty's name, all excuses set apart, to repair to your highness with all convenient speed and diligence.' It was arranged that Elizabeth should take five days to perform the journey of thirty-three miles, in a horse litter. She did not arrive at Westminster till the 22nd or 23rd of February, for the accounts vary. The queen would not see her; and kept her in the palace under guard. Mary told the emperor's ambassador that the Council were labouring to discover the truth against Courtenay and Elizabeth; that Courtenay had corresponded in cypher with Carew, who was endeavouring to forward a marriage between him and Elizabeth; that proof of an overt act of treason was still wanting; that the Council had found by the confession of the son of the Lord Privy Seal, that he had received letters from Wyat, during the rebellion, addressed to Elizabeth, which he had delivered to her. On the 18th of March, the princess was removed to the Tower. She previously wrote a letter to her sister. A most characteristic document-earnest and solemn, bold and impassioned; full of vehement asseverations of her innocence. On the 3rd of April, the emperor's ambassador, Renard, wrote to him, that he had told the queen "that it was of the utmost consequence the trials and execution of the criminals, especially of Courtenay and of the lady Elizabeth, should be concluded before the arrival of his highness" [the prince of Spain]. The ferocious ambassador was seconded by the crafty chancellor, Gardiner, who said, "that as long as Elizabeth was alive, there would be no hope that the kingdom would be tranquil." Elizabeth herself expected death as the only release from her prison. On the 19th of May she was removed from the Tower, and conveyed to Woodstock, where she long remained in confinement. Courtenay was taken to Fotheringay Castle; and was ultimately released, and sent to Germany.

The parliament met on the 2nd of April. Renard wrote, "The Act for

* State Papers, Tytler, p. 426.

the punishment of heretics with death has passed in the Lower House, but I learn that the Peers will not consent that there should be in it any capi tal clause." Paget, it seems, used his influence to oppose this bill. During these agitations the ecclesiastical policy of the advisers of Mary was sufficiently developed. The married clergy were expelled from their livings, although the laws of Edward VI., which allowed their marriage, remained unrepealed. Their benefices were filled by popish priests, who renewed all the ceremonial observances that had been swept away. Seven bishops were deprived of their sees; one resigned; and six new bishops were consecrated by Gardiner on the 1st of April. In March, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were taken out of the Tower; and on the 16th of April, were brought be fore thirty-three commissioners in St. Mary's Church, at Oxford, to be examined upon the articles which Convocation had agreed to, "of the sacrament of the altar, of transubstantiation, of the adoration of the eucharist, and of the reservation of the sacrament of the church."* The dispu tations were conducted amidst the hissings, clappings, and taunts of the opposing divines, with an inevitable result. On the 20th, Cranmer and his two brethren were brought again before the commissioners. They each refused to subscribe the articles, and were condemned as heretics.

On the 19th of July the Spanish squadron, with Philip, and a gorgeous train of Castilian and Flemish nobles, came to anchor at Southampton. The queen had arrived at Winchester; and thither the prince proceeded with his retinue, after having rested three days. He was scrupulously careful to avoid exciting the English jealousy. On the 23rd he met his expectant betrothed. They were married on the 25th, the festival of St. James, the patron saint of Spain. Gardiner, the bishop of Winchester, performed the ceremony. Previous to the marriage an instrument was read by one of the council of Charles V., declaring that the emperor had bestowed upon his son the kingdom of Naples and the duchy of Milan, so that Queen Mary might marry a sovereign like herself.

During this summer and autumn the streets of London were filled with Spaniards, much to the displeasure of the citizens. But they were consoled in the autumn by seeing some of the wealth of the New World poured into our island; for twenty cars paraded through the streets to the Tower, containing fourscore and seventeen chests of silver. Philip had great projects in view. The heretical island was to be reconciled to Rome. The papal legate was again to hold a divided sway with the temporal sovereign. Cardinal Pole was coming to threaten or to absolve. The parliament was to meet in November. The fourscore and seventeen chests of silver were not conveyed to the Tower to lie idle in its vaults. Pole came up the Thames on the 14th of November, in a gorgeous barge, with a silver cross at its prow. Parliament had met two days before, doubtless well bribed into unlimited obedience. On the 27th the great legate met that parliament at Whitehall, where he sat under a canopy with Philip and Mary. After an oration from the Cardinal, the Lords and Commons went before the king and queen and humbly desired that their majesties would intercede with the cardinal for absolution, and that the whole people of the realm should

* Strype, "Mem, of Cranmer," vol. ii., p. 108.