Production of Manganese FerroalloysProgress in our knowledge of thermodynamics and physico-chemical factors in manganese ferroalloy production has developed rapidly during the past twenty-five years or so. The authors' intention has been to use this basic knowledge in discussions of industrial manganese ferroalloy production. The book presents the principles and current knowledge of processes in the production of high carbon ferromanganese, silicomanganese and low carbon manganese alloys. The book is intended for professionals working in production, plant design or development. It will also be useful for researchers in industry, universities and research institutes. The book can be used as a textbook for courses in extractive and process metallurgy, and for company in-house courses. Thermodynamics of the slag and metal systems are extensively covered. Computational modelling based on assessed thermochemical databases has made it possible to calculate and present a large number of phase and equilibrium diagrams. These diagrams are useful for easy understanding and analysis of the complex heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese ferroalloy metallurgy. The manganese ferroalloys are mainly produced in electric submerged arc furnaces. Electrical relations are briefly discussed. Supply of raw materials, especially manganese ores and coke, is extremely important for the manganese industry. The book gives the reader appropriate knowledge regarding the selection the best of available raw materials. Environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate changes, are of growing concern to ferroalloy producers. Carbon will always be needed as a reducing agent, and consequently emission of CO2 gas is inevitable. The book describes solutions to dealing with pollution problems and gives the latest guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories. |
Contents
History of manganese | 11 |
Commercial production of manganese ferroalloys | 43 |
Manganese thermodynamics | 73 |
Physical properties of manganese slags | 111 |
The FeMn process Theoretical considerations | 123 |
The SiMn process Theoretical considerations | 181 |
Refining of manganese alloys | 205 |
Environmental aspects | 217 |
229 | |
243 | |
Common terms and phrases
A/S ratio activity of MnO alloy amount bixbyite blast furnace Boudouard reaction braunite Calculated phase carbon content charcoal charge materials chemical CO(g CO₂ coal coke bed zone Comilog content of MnO decreases degree of pre-reduction deposits electrode electrode tip emission factors energy consumption FeMn slag ferroalloy ferrosilicon furnace operation graphite Groote Eylandt HC FeMn heat high carbon ferromanganese higher manganese oxides illustrated in Figure increase industrial iron ladle liquid slag liquidus low carbon manganese alloys manganese oxides manganosite melting metallurgical Mn-ore Mn(g Mn/Fe MnO content MnO Figure MnO2 Mole fraction off-gas Olsen oxygen phase diagram pre-reduction zone pressure production of manganese raw materials reactivity reducing agent reduction of MnO reduction rate resistance shown in Figure silicon carbide silicothermic SiMn alloy sinter SiO2 slag slag and metal slag basicity slag composition steel submerged arc furnaces Tangstad tapped tion typical viscosity vitrinite