Factors Affecting Feeding in Ductile Iron Castings

1.0 inch shank 5.0 inch plate 50 inch 75 inch amount austenite Based carbon equivalent Casting Designation casting volume changes cm³ composition contraction cooling creased decreases delayed density determined differences dilation directional discussed distribution ductile iron castings earlier Effect of pouring establishing estimate eutectic examined extremely factors fashion feed metal requirement feeding distance Figure flowthrough formation gating geometry graphite gray irons greater green sand molds growth heat higher Hypereutectic ductile iron important inch plate 1.0 inch plate 625 increased influence ingate inoculation internal porosity involved liquid measured minutes mold cavity mold hardness NORMALIZED NRT series obtained occurs placed porosity possible pounds pouring temperature pressure procedure produce range relative result rigid riser riserless SA/V ratios sample section thickness shown in figure shrinkage similar solid solidification solidification mechanism solidification process Sound stage substantial surface T-plates T-section Table thermal gradients thickness variables Weight width